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0.125)}.btn-primary{--bs-btn-color:#fff;--bs-btn-bg:#0d6efd;--bs-btn-border-color:#0d6efd;--bs-btn-hover-bg:#0b5ed7;--bs-btn-hover-border-color:#0a58ca;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb:49,132,253;--bs-btn-active-bg:#0a58ca;--bs-btn-active-border-color:#0a53be;--bs-btn-disabled-color:#fff;--bs-btn-disabled-bg:#0d6efd;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color:#0d6efd}.btn-outline-primary,.btn-outline-secondary{--bs-btn-disabled-bg:transparent;--bs-gradient:none}.btn-outline-primary{--bs-btn-color:#0d6efd;--bs-btn-border-color:#0d6efd;--bs-btn-hover-bg:#0d6efd;--bs-btn-hover-border-color:#0d6efd;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb:13,110,253;--bs-btn-active-bg:#0d6efd;--bs-btn-active-border-color:#0d6efd;--bs-btn-disabled-color:#0d6efd;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color:#0d6efd}.btn-outline-secondary{--bs-btn-color:#6c757d;--bs-btn-border-color:#6c757d;--bs-btn-hover-bg:#6c757d;--bs-btn-hover-border-color:#6c757d;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb:108,117,125;--bs-btn-active-bg:#6c757d;--bs-btn-active-border-color:#6c757d;--bs-btn-disabled-color:#6c757d;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color:#6c757d}.collapse:not(.show){display:none}.dropdown{position:relative}.dropdown-toggle{white-space:nowrap}.dropdown-toggle::after{display:inline-block;margin-left:.255em;vertical-align:.255em;content:"";border-top:.3em solid;border-right:.3em solid transparent;border-bottom:0;border-left:.3em solid transparent}.dropdown-menu{--bs-dropdown-zindex:1000;--bs-dropdown-min-width:10rem;--bs-dropdown-padding-x:0;--bs-dropdown-padding-y:0.5rem;--bs-dropdown-spacer:0.125rem;--bs-dropdown-font-size:1rem;--bs-dropdown-color:var(--bs-body-color);--bs-dropdown-bg:var(--bs-body-bg);--bs-dropdown-border-color:var(--bs-border-color-translucent);--bs-dropdown-border-radius:var(--bs-border-radius);--bs-dropdown-border-width:var(--bs-border-width);--bs-dropdown-inner-border-radius:calc(var(--bs-border-radius) - var(--bs-border-width));--bs-dropdown-divider-bg:var(--bs-border-color-translucent);--bs-dropdown-divider-margin-y:0.5rem;--bs-dropdown-box-shadow:var(--bs-box-shadow);--bs-dropdown-link-color:var(--bs-body-color);--bs-dropdown-link-hover-color:var(--bs-body-color);--bs-dropdown-link-hover-bg:var(--bs-tertiary-bg);--bs-dropdown-link-active-color:#fff;--bs-dropdown-link-active-bg:#0d6efd;--bs-dropdown-link-disabled-color:var(--bs-tertiary-color);--bs-dropdown-item-padding-x:1rem;--bs-dropdown-item-padding-y:0.25rem;--bs-dropdown-header-color:#6c757d;--bs-dropdown-header-padding-x:1rem;--bs-dropdown-header-padding-y:0.5rem;position:absolute;z-index:var(--bs-dropdown-zindex);display:none;min-width:var(--bs-dropdown-min-width);padding:var(--bs-dropdown-padding-y) var(--bs-dropdown-padding-x);margin:0;font-size:var(--bs-dropdown-font-size);color:var(--bs-dropdown-color);text-align:left;list-style:none;background-color:var(--bs-dropdown-bg);background-clip:padding-box;border:var(--bs-dropdown-border-width) solid var(--bs-dropdown-border-color);border-radius:var(--bs-dropdown-border-radius)}.dropdown-item{display:block;width:100%;padding:var(--bs-dropdown-item-padding-y) var(--bs-dropdown-item-padding-x);clear:both;font-weight:400;color:var(--bs-dropdown-link-color);text-align:inherit;text-decoration:none;white-space:nowrap;background-color:transparent;border:0;border-radius:var(--bs-dropdown-item-border-radius,0)}.dropdown-item:focus,.dropdown-item:hover{color:var(--bs-dropdown-link-hover-color);background-color:var(--bs-dropdown-link-hover-bg)}.dropdown-item:active{color:var(--bs-dropdown-link-active-color);text-decoration:none;background-color:var(--bs-dropdown-link-active-bg)}.dropdown-item:disabled{color:var(--bs-dropdown-link-disabled-color);pointer-events:none;background-color:transparent}.nav{--bs-nav-link-padding-x:1rem;--bs-nav-link-padding-y:0.5rem;--bs-nav-link-font-weight: ;--bs-nav-link-color:var(--bs-link-color);--bs-nav-link-hover-color:var(--bs-link-hover-color);--bs-nav-link-disabled-color:var(--bs-secondary-color);display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;padding-left:0;margin-bottom:0;list-style:none}.nav-link{display:block;padding:var(--bs-nav-link-padding-y) var(--bs-nav-link-padding-x);font-size:var(--bs-nav-link-font-size);font-weight:var(--bs-nav-link-font-weight);color:var(--bs-nav-link-color);text-decoration:none;background:0 0;border:0;transition:color .15s ease-in-out,background-color .15s ease-in-out,border-color .15s ease-in-out}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.nav-link{transition:none}}.nav-link:focus,.nav-link:hover{color:var(--bs-nav-link-hover-color)}.nav-link:disabled{color:var(--bs-nav-link-disabled-color);pointer-events:none;cursor:default}.navbar,.navbar>.container{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between}.navbar{--bs-navbar-padding-x:0;--bs-navbar-padding-y:0.5rem;--bs-navbar-color:rgba(var(--bs-emphasis-color-rgb), 0.65);--bs-navbar-hover-color:rgba(var(--bs-emphasis-color-rgb), 0.8);--bs-navbar-disabled-color:rgba(var(--bs-emphasis-color-rgb), 0.3);--bs-navbar-active-color:rgba(var(--bs-emphasis-color-rgb), 1);--bs-navbar-brand-padding-y:0.3125rem;--bs-navbar-brand-margin-end:1rem;--bs-navbar-brand-font-size:1.25rem;--bs-navbar-brand-color:rgba(var(--bs-emphasis-color-rgb), 1);--bs-navbar-brand-hover-color:rgba(var(--bs-emphasis-color-rgb), 1);--bs-navbar-nav-link-padding-x:0.5rem;--bs-navbar-toggler-padding-y:0.25rem;--bs-navbar-toggler-padding-x:0.75rem;--bs-navbar-toggler-font-size:1.25rem;--bs-navbar-toggler-icon-bg:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 30 30'%3e%3cpath stroke='rgba%2833, 37, 41, 0.75%29' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-miterlimit='10' stroke-width='2' d='M4 7h22M4 15h22M4 23h22'/%3e%3c/svg%3e");--bs-navbar-toggler-border-color:rgba(var(--bs-emphasis-color-rgb), 0.15);--bs-navbar-toggler-border-radius:var(--bs-border-radius);--bs-navbar-toggler-focus-width:0.25rem;--bs-navbar-toggler-transition:box-shadow 0.15s ease-in-out;position:relative;flex-wrap:wrap;padding:var(--bs-navbar-padding-y) var(--bs-navbar-padding-x)}.navbar>.container{flex-wrap:inherit}.navbar-brand{padding-top:var(--bs-navbar-brand-padding-y);padding-bottom:var(--bs-navbar-brand-padding-y);margin-right:var(--bs-navbar-brand-margin-end);font-size:var(--bs-navbar-brand-font-size);color:var(--bs-navbar-brand-color);text-decoration:none;white-space:nowrap}.navbar-brand:focus,.navbar-brand:hover{color:var(--bs-navbar-brand-hover-color)}.navbar-nav{--bs-nav-link-padding-x:0;--bs-nav-link-padding-y:0.5rem;--bs-nav-link-font-weight: ;--bs-nav-link-color:var(--bs-navbar-color);--bs-nav-link-hover-color:var(--bs-navbar-hover-color);--bs-nav-link-disabled-color:var(--bs-navbar-disabled-color);display:flex;flex-direction:column;padding-left:0;margin-bottom:0;list-style:none}.navbar-nav .dropdown-menu{position:static}@media (min-width:992px){.navbar-expand-lg{flex-wrap:nowrap;justify-content:flex-start}.navbar-expand-lg .navbar-nav{flex-direction:row}.navbar-expand-lg .navbar-nav .dropdown-menu{position:absolute}.navbar-expand-lg .navbar-nav .nav-link{padding-right:var(--bs-navbar-nav-link-padding-x);padding-left:var(--bs-navbar-nav-link-padding-x)}.navbar-expand-lg .offcanvas{position:static;z-index:auto;flex-grow:1;width:auto!important;height:auto!important;visibility:visible!important;background-color:transparent!important;border:0!important;transform:none!important;transition:none}.navbar-expand-lg .offcanvas .offcanvas-header{display:none}.navbar-expand-lg .offcanvas .offcanvas-body{display:flex;flex-grow:0;padding:0;overflow-y:visible}}.list-group{--bs-list-group-color:var(--bs-body-color);--bs-list-group-bg:var(--bs-body-bg);--bs-list-group-border-color:var(--bs-border-color);--bs-list-group-border-width:var(--bs-border-width);--bs-list-group-border-radius:var(--bs-border-radius);--bs-list-group-item-padding-x:1rem;--bs-list-group-item-padding-y:0.5rem;--bs-list-group-action-color:var(--bs-secondary-color);--bs-list-group-action-hover-color:var(--bs-emphasis-color);--bs-list-group-action-hover-bg:var(--bs-tertiary-bg);--bs-list-group-action-active-color:var(--bs-body-color);--bs-list-group-action-active-bg:var(--bs-secondary-bg);--bs-list-group-disabled-color:var(--bs-secondary-color);--bs-list-group-disabled-bg:var(--bs-body-bg);--bs-list-group-active-color:#fff;--bs-list-group-active-bg:#0d6efd;--bs-list-group-active-border-color:#0d6efd;display:flex;flex-direction:column;padding-left:0;margin-bottom:0;border-radius:var(--bs-list-group-border-radius)}.list-group-item-action{width:100%;color:var(--bs-list-group-action-color);text-align:inherit}.list-group-item-action:focus,.list-group-item-action:hover{z-index:1;color:var(--bs-list-group-action-hover-color);text-decoration:none;background-color:var(--bs-list-group-action-hover-bg)}.list-group-item-action:active{color:var(--bs-list-group-action-active-color);background-color:var(--bs-list-group-action-active-bg)}.list-group-item{position:relative;display:block;padding:var(--bs-list-group-item-padding-y) var(--bs-list-group-item-padding-x);color:var(--bs-list-group-color);text-decoration:none;background-color:var(--bs-list-group-bg);border:var(--bs-list-group-border-width) solid var(--bs-list-group-border-color)}.list-group-item:first-child{border-top-left-radius:inherit;border-top-right-radius:inherit}.list-group-item:last-child{border-bottom-right-radius:inherit;border-bottom-left-radius:inherit}.list-group-item:disabled{color:var(--bs-list-group-disabled-color);pointer-events:none;background-color:var(--bs-list-group-disabled-bg)}.list-group-item+.list-group-item{border-top-width:0}.btn-close,.btn-close:hover{color:var(--bs-btn-close-color)}.btn-close{--bs-btn-close-color:#000;--bs-btn-close-bg:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 16 16' fill='%23000'%3e%3cpath d='M.293.293a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 0L8 6.586 14.293.293a1 1 0 1 1 1.414 1.414L9.414 8l6.293 6.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414L8 9.414l-6.293 6.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.414-1.414L6.586 8 .293 1.707a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414z'/%3e%3c/svg%3e");--bs-btn-close-opacity:0.5;--bs-btn-close-hover-opacity:0.75;--bs-btn-close-focus-shadow:0 0 0 0.25rem rgba(13, 110, 253, 0.25);--bs-btn-close-focus-opacity:1;--bs-btn-close-disabled-opacity:0.25;--bs-btn-close-white-filter:invert(1) grayscale(100%) brightness(200%);box-sizing:content-box;width:1em;height:1em;padding:.25em;background:var(--bs-btn-close-bg) center/1em auto no-repeat;border:0;border-radius:.375rem;opacity:var(--bs-btn-close-opacity)}.btn-close:hover{text-decoration:none;opacity:var(--bs-btn-close-hover-opacity)}.btn-close:focus{outline:0;box-shadow:var(--bs-btn-close-focus-shadow);opacity:var(--bs-btn-close-focus-opacity)}.btn-close:disabled{pointer-events:none;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;user-select:none;opacity:var(--bs-btn-close-disabled-opacity)}.offcanvas,.offcanvas-lg{--bs-offcanvas-zindex:1045;--bs-offcanvas-width:400px;--bs-offcanvas-height:30vh;--bs-offcanvas-padding-x:1rem;--bs-offcanvas-padding-y:1rem;--bs-offcanvas-color:var(--bs-body-color);--bs-offcanvas-bg:var(--bs-body-bg);--bs-offcanvas-border-width:var(--bs-border-width);--bs-offcanvas-border-color:var(--bs-border-color-translucent);--bs-offcanvas-box-shadow:var(--bs-box-shadow-sm);--bs-offcanvas-transition:transform 0.3s ease-in-out;--bs-offcanvas-title-line-height:1.5}@media (max-width:991.98px){.offcanvas-lg{position:fixed;bottom:0;z-index:var(--bs-offcanvas-zindex);display:flex;flex-direction:column;max-width:100%;color:var(--bs-offcanvas-color);visibility:hidden;background-color:var(--bs-offcanvas-bg);background-clip:padding-box;outline:0;transition:var(--bs-offcanvas-transition)}}@media (max-width:991.98px) and (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.offcanvas-lg{transition:none}}@media (max-width:991.98px){.offcanvas-lg.offcanvas-end{top:0;right:0;width:var(--bs-offcanvas-width);border-left:var(--bs-offcanvas-border-width) solid var(--bs-offcanvas-border-color);transform:translateX(100%)}}@media (min-width:992px){.offcanvas-lg{--bs-offcanvas-height:auto;--bs-offcanvas-border-width:0;background-color:transparent!important}.offcanvas-lg .offcanvas-header{display:none}.offcanvas-lg .offcanvas-body{display:flex;flex-grow:0;padding:0;overflow-y:visible;background-color:transparent!important}}.offcanvas{position:fixed;bottom:0;z-index:var(--bs-offcanvas-zindex);display:flex;flex-direction:column;max-width:100%;color:var(--bs-offcanvas-color);visibility:hidden;background-color:var(--bs-offcanvas-bg);background-clip:padding-box;outline:0;transition:var(--bs-offcanvas-transition)}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.offcanvas{transition:none}}.offcanvas.offcanvas-end{top:0;right:0;width:var(--bs-offcanvas-width);border-left:var(--bs-offcanvas-border-width) solid var(--bs-offcanvas-border-color);transform:translateX(100%)}.offcanvas-header{display:flex;align-items:center;padding:var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-y) var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-x)}.offcanvas-header .btn-close{padding:calc(var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-y)*.5) calc(var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-x)*.5);margin:calc(-.5*var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-y)) calc(-.5*var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-x)) calc(-.5*var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-y)) auto}.offcanvas-title{margin-bottom:0;line-height:var(--bs-offcanvas-title-line-height)}.offcanvas-body{flex-grow:1;padding:var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-y) var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-x);overflow-y:auto}.link-dark{color:RGBA(var(--bs-dark-rgb),var(--bs-link-opacity,1))!important;-webkit-text-decoration-color:RGBA(var(--bs-dark-rgb),var(--bs-link-underline-opacity,1))!important;text-decoration-color:RGBA(var(--bs-dark-rgb),var(--bs-link-underline-opacity,1))!important}.link-dark:focus,.link-dark:hover{color:RGBA(26,30,33,var(--bs-link-opacity,1))!important;-webkit-text-decoration-color:RGBA(26,30,33,var(--bs-link-underline-opacity,1))!important;text-decoration-color:RGBA(26,30,33,var(--bs-link-underline-opacity,1))!important}.sticky-top{position:-webkit-sticky;position:sticky;top:0;z-index:1020}.visually-hidden-focusable:not(:focus):not(:focus-within){width:1px!important;height:1px!important;padding:0!important;margin:-1px!important;overflow:hidden!important;clip:rect(0,0,0,0)!important;white-space:nowrap!important;border:0!important}.bsb-overlay:after,.stretched-link::after{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;z-index:1;content:""}.overflow-hidden{overflow:hidden!important}.d-grid{display:grid!important}.d-flex{display:flex!important}.d-none{display:none!important}.shadow{box-shadow:var(--bs-box-shadow)!important}.position-absolute{position:absolute!important}.position-fixed{position:fixed!important}.start-0{left:0!important}.end-0{right:0!important}.border{border:var(--bs-border-width) var(--bs-border-style) var(--bs-border-color)!important}.border-top{border-top:var(--bs-border-width) var(--bs-border-style) var(--bs-border-color)!important}.border-bottom{border-bottom:var(--bs-border-width) var(--bs-border-style) 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+ .9vw)!important}.fw-bold{font-weight:700!important}.text-center{text-align:center!important}.text-decoration-none{text-decoration:none!important}.text-black,.text-secondary{--bs-text-opacity:1;color:rgba(var(--bs-secondary-rgb),var(--bs-text-opacity))!important}.text-black{color:rgba(var(--bs-black-rgb),var(--bs-text-opacity))!important}.text-body-secondary{--bs-text-opacity:1;color:var(--bs-secondary-color)!important}.text-reset{--bs-text-opacity:1;color:inherit!important}.bg-body-tertiary{--bs-bg-opacity:1;background-color:rgba(var(--bs-tertiary-bg-rgb),var(--bs-bg-opacity))!important}.rounded-circle{border-radius:50%!important}.z-2{z-index:2!important}@media (min-width:576px){.d-sm-flex{display:flex!important}.justify-content-sm-center{justify-content:center!important}}@media 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Abstract Writing
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An abstract is a concise summary of a research paper, article, or other scholarly work. It provides readers with a brief overview of the research and its findings, helping them to decide whether to read the full text.
What is an abstract?An abstract is a concise summary of a research paper, article, or other scholarly work. It typically includes a brief background, research question or hypothesis , methodology, results, and conclusion.
What are the key components of an abstract?The key components of an abstract include:
Background: Briefly introduces the research topic.Research question or hypothesis: States the main goal of the research.Methodology: Describes the research design and methods.Results: Summarizes the key findings of the research.Conclusion: States the main conclusions of the research. What is the purpose of an abstract?The purpose of an abstract is to provide readers with a brief overview of the research and its findings. This helps readers to decide whether the full text is relevant to their interests and needs.
How long should an abstract be?Abstracts typically range from 150 to 250 words. However, the exact length may vary depending on the specific requirements of the journal or institution.
What are some effective strategies for writing a clear and concise abstract?To write a clear and concise abstract:
Use strong verbs and active voice. Avoid jargon and technical terms. Focus on the most important findings of the research. Proofread carefully for errors. What are some common mistakes to avoid when writing an abstract?Common mistakes to avoid include:
Writing an abstract that is too long or too short. Failing to include all of the essential components of an abstract. Using vague or ambiguous language. Plagiarizing from other sources. How can I improve my abstract writing skills?To improve your abstract writing skills:
Practice writing abstracts regularly. Seek feedback from others. Read examples of well-written abstracts. FAQsWhat is the difference between an abstract and a summary? An abstract is a concise summary of a research paper or article, while a summary can be used for any type of text.
Can I write an abstract before I have finished writing my research paper? Yes, it can be helpful to write a preliminary abstract to guide your research and writing process.
What is the best way to proofread my abstract? To proofread your abstract effectively, read it aloud, have someone else read it, and use a grammar checker.
Table: Abstract Writing ProcessStage Tasks Planning Identify the key points of your research. Writing Draft the abstract, including the background, research question, methodology, results, and conclusion. Revising Edit the abstract for clarity, conciseness, and accuracy. Proofreading Check for errors in grammar, punctuation, and spelling.
Abstract Writing Process Need help writing a compelling abstract? Our expert writers at Smart Academic Writing can provide personalized guidance and support to help you craft an effective abstract that accurately represents your research. Contact us today to learn more about our writing services.
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