Tag: (infant

A Study on the Factors Affecting the Infant Feeding Practices of Mothers in San Antonio

Posted on | by Simon KN

Introduction 

The melamine controversy that emitted amid the last quarter of year 2008 brought individuals’ consideration over to the open deliberations in the middle of breastfeeding and the utilization of breast milk substitutes like business baby recipe. This wasn’t the first occasion when that baby recipe had created sicknesses and even deaths to newborn children around the world – subsequently the nonstop crusade of World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF alongside other breastfeeding promoters, for mothers to breastfeed their youngsters in any event until 6 months of age. 

Baby feeding practices allude for the most part to help the infant. An investigation of baby bolstering practices was completed on an example of 100 mother and newborn child sets. The results uncovered that just 20% of mothers in the study as of now only breastfeed their children. It additionally demonstrates that financial components like mother’s work status, conjugal status and instructive accomplishment had immediate bearing on these practices. Utilized mothers have a tendency to stop breastfeeding their infants and in the long run stop and simply turn to equation bolstering as they retreat to work. The study additionally demonstrated that mothers who are hitched and living with their accomplices are more inclined to breastfeed their newborn children than single parents. Those with higher instructive fulfillment resort more to recipe bolstering and blended sustaining than those with lower instructive achievement. Health awareness expert’s impact mothers the most with regards to newborn child nourishing choices. 

 

Methodology
Type of Research

The sort of research that will be utilized within this study is qualitative examination and quantitative exploration. Qualitative specialists plan to accumulate an inside and out understanding of human conduct and the reasons that represent such conduct. The order researches the “why” and “how” of choice making. Other than this, the scientist will likewise look at the wonder through perceptions in numerical representations and through factual examination. Alongside polls that will be offered out to respondents for the factual representation of the discoveries in the study, meetings with the respondents and a couple of specialists in this field will likewise be directed. 

Sampling Method

The exploration examining system that will be utilized within this study is irregular testing to get a more exploratory come about that could be utilized to speak to the aggregate of the population. A rundown of all health awareness offices (maternity and lying-in facilities, open and private clinics, wellbeing focuses) was procured from the San Antonio Hall. 

From 20 groups, three will be picked through random testing. The health awareness offices and foundations in these three barangays will then be the target wellsprings of respondents of the specialist. The social insurance offices and foundations will be reached to get a verbal agree to regulate the survey to mothers at their spots. A letter of assent will likewise be sent to them alongside an example duplicate of the poll that will be utilized, and also the convention of the specialist. A letter was likewise tended to the City Health Officer to get underwriting and agree to lead an exploration in chose barangays and appropriate polls to the mothers in the region. 

Information accumulation was directed all through the facilities‟ and wellbeing centers‟ working hours from Mondays through Sundays so as to incorporate both working and non-meeting expectations mothers. 

Respondents

The respondents in this examination will all be originating from one single area – San Antonio, particularly the arbitrarily chose barangays of Pamplona I, CAA/BF International and Pamplona III. The scientist picked San Antonio on account of the financial conditions display in the territory that is applicable to the study furthermore as it fits the period and assets of the specialist. The specialist will approach the arbitrarily examined respondents for agreeing and endorsement to answer the survey until the wanted number of respondents that is 100 is arrived at. The notion of masters will likewise be looked for in this exploration to give clarifications in regards to the respondents‟ baby nourishing practices and practices. 

Questionnaire

The poll obliges data about the financial and demographic foundation of the mother. It additionally has inquiries identified with past baby sustaining practices and the conception of her most youthful newborn child furthermore in regards to the infant’s general wellbeing and age. 

Explanations that are seen to be elements that impact mothers‟ newborn child is feeding choices were displayed. The depiction of the sort of baby recipe given by equation and blended bolstering mothers will likewise be asked in the material.

Conclusion 

Larger part of the mother’s recipe sustain their tyke and just a minority only breastfeeds their youngsters, particularly according to the proposal of the World Health Organization. While dominant part of the mothers in this study demonstrated an inspirational disposition towards breastfeeding, the majority of them chose just to equation nourish because of the reasons of deficient drain supply and work. 

In light of the aftereffects of the study, the instructive fulfillment, work status, conjugal status, and courses in the barangay the respondents are part of, about breastfeeding, are the noteworthy elements that influence the newborn child nourishing choice of mothers in San Antonio. Most of the mothers that served as respondents in this study fall under the age scope of 17-30 years of age. More than 50% of them were additionally school graduates while a noteworthy number are students and have just arrived at until secondary school. A large portion of the mothers is housewives and the others remaining have full-time occupations, low maintenance employments and independently employed. A couple of them are still understudies. While lion’s shares of them were hitched, a great deal were still in the status of live-in and were single. More than 50% of the mothers did not have past kids before the current one. Dominant parts of the respondents additionally have a yearly horrible family pay that does not surpass P50, 000. 

Among the few data sources to be specific, media through TVs/radios and printed/distributed materials, the social help supportive network contained the mother’s family, companions and different relatives and wellbeing organizations, the mothers who give their children newborn child equation are affected the most by medicinal services establishments through wellbeing experts and other health awareness staff. They impact the mothers in choosing to nourish the child with recipe and in picking, too, which brand of equation is best for their children. Mothers believe their infant’s specialist due to their aptitude in the said field thus this sort of connection is attained. 

Mothers were in general not worried about the conceivable reactions of breastfeeding as couples were just stressed as indicated in the information introduced. It can be reasoned that various inside and outside components impact a mother in settling on the newborn child sustaining choices, and a more prominent part of these is financial in nature. 

 

References

Fallani, M., Amarri, S., Uusijarvi, A., Adam, R., Khanna, S., Aguilera, M., … & Edwards, C. A.  (2011). Determinants of the human infant intestinal microbiota after the introduction of     first complementary foods in infant samples from five European centres. Microbiology,            157(5), 1385-1392.

Maehr, J. C., Lizarraga, J. L., Wingard, D. L., & Felice, M. E. (1993). A comparative study of     adolescent and adult mothers who intend to breastfeed. Journal of adolescent health,  14(6), 453-457.

Rempel, L. A. (2004). Factors influencing the breastfeeding decisions of long-term breastfeeders.            Journal of Human Lactation, 20(3), 306-318.

 

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Research studies have highlighted that issue of exceptional health and longevity has undergone gradual transformation nutritionally (Newnham 2009). This transformation has been evident in the six areas of exceptional health (infant mortality cancer screening and management cardiovascular disease diabetes HIV infections/AIDS and immunizations) to a more westernized diet (Richmond et al 2011).

Posted on | by Simon KN

Research studies have highlighted that issue of exceptional health and longevity has undergone gradual transformation nutritionally (Newnham 2009). This transformation has been evident in the six areas of exceptional health (infant mortality cancer screening and management cardiovascular disease diabetes HIV infections/AIDS and immunizations) to a more westernized diet (Richmond et al 2011)..

Here is a copy of response from chair to last iteration, with last effort below the chair comments. I want the entire prospectus rewritten professionally, and halfway acceptable:Date : Tue, Oct 23, 2012 08:26 PM CDT
From : Michael Schwab <Michael.Schwab@waldenu.edu>
To : Herbert Jamieson <herbert.jamieson@waldenu.edu>
Hi Herbert:

I have reviewed your latest draft of the prospectus and appreciate the work
you have done to improve the line of logic. However, it’s clear to me that you
need more help with your writing, especially in constructing your argument
around these various concepts – regions of longevity, health of centenarians,
reasons for longevity and the role of diet. Clarity here is essential in
establishing the nature of the problem and the gap in the literature.

We have four options here, and I’d like you to consider them all.

First, please ask for an appointment with a Walden librarian, and get some
coaching on using databases to research a topic.

Second, go the Writing Center and ask for help with the logic in your
prospectus, starting with the first two paragraphs of your latest draft.

Third, consider hiring a writing tutor. There are some excellent ones
connected to the Writing Center, and they could save you a lot of trouble.

Lastly, I strongly encourage you to attend a Dissertation Intensive, where you
can receive extended in-depth help with all aspects of writing a dissertation.

I want to see you succeed, and believe that these additional aides could help
you do that.

MS

Michael Schwab, Dr. P.H.
Core Faculty
School of Health Sciences
Walden University

REWRITE FROM SCRATCH. Put approval button on the next attempt. You guys are becoming less professional!This is totally unacceptable!
Prospectus October 23
New Prospectus, October 22, 2012
Problem
This study will seek to interview existent centenarians in an effort to find out the secret behind their long lives. Interviewing of these centenarians will primarily be in the areas that have the reputation of people with low disabilities. It is imperative to point out that these are the same areas that have a similar low level of frailty. One factor to this reasoning is the increase in Western diets which are known for their contributions towards chronic ailments. In the recent past, most areas have done away with the indigenous foods and replaced them with these new arrivals. According to some studies, areas with the most centenarians do not have any frailty or disability at all. This has prompted researchers like Thomas Perls to conclude that the reason behind their long lives lies behind the lack of this disability (NIH 2006). The problem lies in that it is almost impossible to determine whether these indigenous foods have anything to do with the centenarians and their exceptional survival since there is little information regarding these diets. In fact, the existent knowledge on these diets is disappearing fast. Therefore, it is still unclear as to whether the traditional dietary patterns have any contribution to the long survival of the centenarians (Robine & Saito 2003).
Background of the problem
In the recent past, Western diets have overwhelmed the traditional diets in most areas that were using the latter. Research indicates that majority if the population that depends on the western diets is much prone to diseases and frailties than those with the traditional diets. This can be generalized to represent the wholesome health of these individuals and not just the disabilities. In a period spanning the last three generations, there has been a significant trend in the course of the degenerative diseases. This is also noticeable in these areas of longevity and exceptional
survival. The effects of this transition have been profound with more cases of infant mortality and cardiovascular diseases (Arakawa et al 2005). This has also seen an increase in the reported cases of cancer screening, diabetes and HIV/AIDS (DeMeester et al 2010). These areas with the nutrition transition also have the presence of other risk factors that could easily shorten the exceptional survival. These include lack of exercise and increased smoking that leads to obesity. Therefore, it is a combination of the Western diets, smoking and a negative perception towards exercise that leads to an increase in the degenerative diseases and thus shorter lives.
The effect of food on health is clearly evident in the types of risks that people face in their lives. Majority of the western diets are well known for their chemicals and cholesterol that could lead to high risks of acquiring some diseases. A characteristic amongst centenarians is that they do not have cases of heart diseases and diabetes. It is also clear that these centenarians do not have cases of obesity (DeMeester et al 2010). The region famed for majority of the centenarians is in the Asian continent, specifically in Japan (Freeman et al 2010). However, subsequent research on the area showed that there could have been flaws in this earlier assumption. As much as nutrition is a factor that can be attributed to this long existence, most centenarians do not attribute their long lives to it. In fact, most centenarians are of the belief that positive attitudes and close links to families could be their secret to long survival and not necessarily the nutrition and genetics link (Freeman et al 2010).

Centenarians experience long lives and exceptional health characteristics by the essence of their nutrition (Zeng, 2010). By definition, Centenarian refers to an individual who lives up to or above one hundred years of age. This study seeks to address the problem of premature mortality because of degenerative disease with reference to the Centenarians. The study also seeks to address the explanation of healthy Centenarians, which have been elusive, and mystery to the research literature (Luczywek et al, 2007).
Research studies have highlighted that issue of exceptional health and longevity has undergone gradual transformation nutritionally (Newnham, 2009). This transformation has been evident in the six areas of exceptional health (infant mortality, cancer screening and management, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, HIV infections/AIDS, and immunizations) to a more westernized diet (Richmond et al, 2011). The infant mortality is the expression of the statistical rate of infant deaths in the first year of birth in relation to the 1000 live births in a given area. Diabetes is the presence of excess or high level of sugar in the blood system. Cancer screening and management is the attempt to detect cancer and apply appropriate measures in dealing with the problem. Cardiovascular disease is an infection that affects the functionality of the heart and the blood system. Immunization refers to the act of preventing the occurrence of an infection through the administration of a vaccine. The main effect of this transformation is evident in the development of clinical biomarkers of degenerative disease. Over 2-3 generations, there has been a shift in diet and rising degenerative disease in these areas. This is because of adoption of nutritional system of the short-lived counterparts and practice of other common activities such as minimal exercising and smoking (Cress et al, 2010).
Problem Statement
The problem statement is to establish the existence of Centenarians in the six areas (Sardinia, Okinawa, Japan, Guanacaste Peninsula, Costa Rica, Bima Yao, and Nicoya, Costa Rica). This would be in relation to the type of diet they feed on hence the prolonged existence.
Purpose Statement
The purpose statement is to offer accurate answers to the research questions and research problems derived from the study.
Significance of the Study
Achieving the purpose of the study is significant to nutrition, gerontology, and public health fields, as it would answer purposely why public health has deteriorated with the nutritional transformation to a westernized diet across the globe. It would not perform this purpose, but it might aid our understanding of what centenarians have consumed in their lives, and to what degree that diet was a result of their prolonged existence (Yagi et al, 2012).
Qualitative Research design
The study will apply the administration of questionnaires and interview activities to a sample of Centenarians. The research will seek to unveil what the Centenarians consume, dietary history, and the contribution of the dietary on longevity and exceptional health. The research design will also focus on the absence of degenerative diseases and presence of improved public health (Willcox et al, 2010).
Population
The study would focus on prominent areas that portray enormous numbers of Centenarians. These areas include the island called Sardinia, Okinawa, Japan, and the Guanacaste Peninsula Costa Rica concentrated in the area around Nicoya, Costa Rica.
Research Questions
The study would seek to answer the following question. What diet do centenarians eat? In order to effective answer the question, the study would adopt the use of the sub-questions below.
1. To what do centenarians in Costa Rica attribute their long life?
2. What do these centenarians eat now?
3. What kinds of seasonal fluctuations in diet were there over the decades?
4. What were the agricultural patterns in which their diet was embedded?
5. What social changes have caused a change in diet over the last fifty years?
6. Which foods do you they consider healthiest?
7. What specific traditional diets lead to the greatest longevity?
8. Do the centenarians consume processed food at any point of their lives? If yes, indicate why?
9. What is the proportion of fruits, vegetables and ethno-botanicals in the diet of centenarians?
10. What is the appropriate food composition of a diet according to the centenarian?
Theory
The study would adopt the need of the conceptual framework with the ability to view explanation of the findings. This is the act of applying theoretical lens to offer extensive view of the study in an objective way. The conceptual framework would aid the essence of communicating the results of the study to the viewers or other researchers. Conceptual framework is also crucial in illustration why research is executed in the form of choice. In this study, the conceptual framework would offer accurate explanation of the methodologies and research questions towards the achievement of results.
Assumptions and Limitations
The assumptions of the study indicate that centenarians are exceptionally healthy and live long because of that diet, lifestyle, social networks, local environmental factors, and genetic predispositions (McDonald et al, 2009). The study will assume that the overriding factor in relation to the exceptional health and long lives by the Centenarians is the diet. The health of human beings is determined by what is consumed. This offers ideal assumption towards execution of the study. Local environment also plays a critical role in the exceptionally healthy Centenarians. The level of adaptability to the environment is vital to the health of an individual hence the assumption by the study (Michels et al, 2003).
Limitations may include other factors causing exceptional longevity that may not include nutrient consumption patterns. Such factors might include evasion of smoking habits, execution of daily physical exercises, and genetic properties. The study will note examine these features effectively thus minimization of the ability of the experiment to generalize the findings. The other limitation in relation to this research is the size of the population. Future Centenarians would voluntarily engage in the study thus minimization of the sample size.
Expected Findings
Some of the indigenous fruits and vegetables do not exist in the western diet. High utilization of fiber particularly from cereals results into a noteworthy mortality decrease in individuals. Fiber in beans, fruits, nuts, whole grains and vegetables lessens LDL cholesterol levels, guarantees optimal glucose levels in the blood system and eases bowel movements (Chung et al, 2010). Consumption of large amounts of vegetables and fruits leads to fulfillment, and one benefits from the fiber. Equally, processed food and fried junk food predisposes one to obesity. Obesity surpasses smoking in accelerating the aging process.
The fruit and vegetables are nutrient dense and low caloric always associated by a caloric limitation diet. The foods are low in the constitution of glycerin. Hydration has the capacity to consist of water that is heavy in calcium hydroxide and/or other minerals. The area in Guanacaste Peninsula in Costa Rica has extremely high calcium hydroxide content in a region where many centenarians live, because of the local limestone. However, an exceptionally healthy area in northern Sardinia possesses a granite base, without limestone. This environmental factor cannot be explained. The individuals experiencing exceptional longevity records high percentage rates to exist within these areas (Popkin, 2003).

References
Arakawa, M., Miyake, Y., & Taira, K. (2005). Hypertension and stroke in centenarians,
Okinawa, Japan. Cerebrovascular Diseases (Basel, Switzerland), 20(4), 233-238.
Chung Shil, K., Mee Sook, L., Se In, O., & Sang Chul, P. (2010). Discovery of Novel Sources of Vitamin B12 in Traditional Korean Foods from Nutritional Surveys of Centenarians. Current Gerontology & Geratrics Research, 1-11. doi:10.1155/2010/374897
Cress, M., Gondo, Y., Davey, A., Anderson, S., Seock-Ho, K., & Poon, L. W. (2010). Assessing Physical Performance in Centenarians: Norms and an Extended Scale from the Georgia Centenarian Study. Current Gerontology & Geratrics Research, 1-6. doi:10.1155/2010/310610
DeMeester, F., Zibadi, S., & Watson, R. R. (2010). Modern dietary fat intakes in disease promotion. Totowa, N.J: Humana.
Freeman, S., Kurosawa, H., Ebihara, S., & Kohzuki, M. (2010). Understanding the oldest old in northern Japan: An overview of the functional ability and characteristics of centenarians. Geriatrics & Gerontology International, 10(1), 78-84. doi:10.1111/j.1447-0594.2009.00550.x
Hillman, J. (1997). Clinical psychologists’ judgments of older adult patients with character pathology; Implications for practice [Abstract]. the international Journal of aging human development, 28(2), 179-183.
Iannitti, T., & Palmieri, B. (2011). Inflammation and Genetics: An Insight in the Centenarian Model. Human Biology, 83(4), 531-559.
Luczywek, E. E., Gabryelewicz, T. T., Barczak, A. A., Religa, D. D., Pfeffer, A. A., Styczynska, M. M., & … Barcikowska, M. M. (2007). Neurocognition of centenarians: neuropsychological study of élite centenarians. International Journal Of Geriatric Psychiatry, 22(10), 1004-1008. doi:10.1002/gps.1780
MacDonald, M., Martin, P., Margrett, J., & Poon, L. (2009). Correspondence of perceptions about centenarians’ mental health. Aging & Mental Health, 13(6), 827-837. doi:10.1080/13607860902918249
Merriam-Webster online dictionary. (2012). Merriam-Webster Unabridged Dictionary.Springfield Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster, Incorporated.
Michels, K. B. (2003). Nutritional epidemiology – past, present, future. international Journal of Epidemiology, 32(4), 486 – 488.
National Institute of Health. (2006, October). Secrets to a Longer, Healthier Life. Retrieved from http://newsinhealth.nih.gov/pdf/NIHNIH%20October2006.pdf
Newnham, d. (2009). Outside ln. Nursing Standard, 23(33), 24-25.
Pinquart, M. (2003). Differences in caregivers and non-caregivers in psychological health of physical health: a meta-analysis. Psychology and Aging, 18, 250 – 267.
Popkin, B. M. (2003). Patterns and trends in food portion sizes, 1977 – 1998. JAMA, 289(4), 450– 453.
Shimonaka, Y. (1996). Personality, longevity, and successful aging among Tokyo Metropolitan
centenarians [Abstract]
Richmond, R. L., Law, J., & Kay-Lambkin, F. (2011). Physical, Mental, and Cognitive Function in a Convenience Sample of Centenarians in Australia. Journal Of The American Geriatrics Society, 59(6), 1080-1086. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03404.x
Robine, J., & Saito, Y. (2003). Survival Beyond Age 100: The Case of Japan. Population & Development Review, 29(s1), 208-228.
Roughead, E., Kalisch, L., Ramsay, E., Ryan, P., & Gilbert, A. (2010). Use of health services and medicines amongst Australian war veterans: a comparison of young elderly, near centenarians and centenarians. BMC Geriatrics, 1083.
Tyrovolas, S., Tountas, Y., Polychronopoulos, E., & Panagiotakos, D. B. (2011). The Implications Of Nutrition Services Within The Health Care System On The Quality Of Life And Longevity, In Developed Countries: A Re-Analysis Of 38 Studies. Central European Journal Of Public Health, 19(1), 13-19.
Willcox, D., Willcox, B. J., & Poon, L. W. (2010). Centenarian Studies: Important Contributors to Our Understanding of the Aging Process and Longevity. Current Gerontology & Geratrics Research, 1-6. doi:10.1155/2010/484529
Yagi, T., Kosakai, A., Ito, D., Okada, Y., Akamatsu, W., Nihei, Y., & … Suzuki, N. (2012). Establishment of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Centenarians for Neurodegenerative Disease Research. Plos ONE, 7(7), 1-7. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041572
Zeng, Y. (2010). Resilience significantly contributes to exceptional longevity. Current gerontology and geriatrics research

Research studies have highlighted that issue of exceptional health and longevity has undergone gradual transformation nutritionally (Newnham 2009). This transformation has been evident in the six areas of exceptional health (infant mortality cancer screening and management cardiovascular disease diabetes HIV infections/AIDS and immunizations) to a more westernized diet (Richmond et al 2011).

Place this order or similar order and get an amazing discount. USE Discount code “GET20” for 20% discount

Order your Paper Now

The infant mortality is the expression of the statistical rate of infant deaths in the first year of birth in relation to the 1000 live births in a given area. Diabetes is the presence of excess or high level of sugar in the blood system.

Posted on | by Simon KN

The infant mortality is the expression of the statistical rate of infant deaths in the first year of birth in relation to the 1000 live births in a given area. Diabetes is the presence of excess or high level of sugar in the blood system..

Here is a copy of response from chair to last iteration, with last effort below the chair comments. I want the entire prospectus rewritten professionally, and halfway acceptable:Date : Tue, Oct 23, 2012 08:26 PM CDT
From : Michael Schwab <Michael.Schwab@waldenu.edu>
To : Herbert Jamieson <herbert.jamieson@waldenu.edu>
Hi Herbert:

I have reviewed your latest draft of the prospectus and appreciate the work
you have done to improve the line of logic. However, it’s clear to me that you
need more help with your writing, especially in constructing your argument
around these various concepts – regions of longevity, health of centenarians,
reasons for longevity and the role of diet. Clarity here is essential in
establishing the nature of the problem and the gap in the literature.

We have four options here, and I’d like you to consider them all.

First, please ask for an appointment with a Walden librarian, and get some
coaching on using databases to research a topic.

Second, go the Writing Center and ask for help with the logic in your
prospectus, starting with the first two paragraphs of your latest draft.

Third, consider hiring a writing tutor. There are some excellent ones
connected to the Writing Center, and they could save you a lot of trouble.

Lastly, I strongly encourage you to attend a Dissertation Intensive, where you
can receive extended in-depth help with all aspects of writing a dissertation.

I want to see you succeed, and believe that these additional aides could help
you do that.

MS

Michael Schwab, Dr. P.H.
Core Faculty
School of Health Sciences
Walden University

REWRITE FROM SCRATCH. Put approval button on the next attempt. You guys are becoming less professional!This is totally unacceptable!
Prospectus October 23
New Prospectus, October 22, 2012
Problem
This study will seek to interview existent centenarians in an effort to find out the secret behind their long lives. Interviewing of these centenarians will primarily be in the areas that have the reputation of people with low disabilities. It is imperative to point out that these are the same areas that have a similar low level of frailty. One factor to this reasoning is the increase in Western diets which are known for their contributions towards chronic ailments. In the recent past, most areas have done away with the indigenous foods and replaced them with these new arrivals. According to some studies, areas with the most centenarians do not have any frailty or disability at all. This has prompted researchers like Thomas Perls to conclude that the reason behind their long lives lies behind the lack of this disability (NIH 2006). The problem lies in that it is almost impossible to determine whether these indigenous foods have anything to do with the centenarians and their exceptional survival since there is little information regarding these diets. In fact, the existent knowledge on these diets is disappearing fast. Therefore, it is still unclear as to whether the traditional dietary patterns have any contribution to the long survival of the centenarians (Robine & Saito 2003).
Background of the problem
In the recent past, Western diets have overwhelmed the traditional diets in most areas that were using the latter. Research indicates that majority if the population that depends on the western diets is much prone to diseases and frailties than those with the traditional diets. This can be generalized to represent the wholesome health of these individuals and not just the disabilities. In a period spanning the last three generations, there has been a significant trend in the course of the degenerative diseases. This is also noticeable in these areas of longevity and exceptional
survival. The effects of this transition have been profound with more cases of infant mortality and cardiovascular diseases (Arakawa et al 2005). This has also seen an increase in the reported cases of cancer screening, diabetes and HIV/AIDS (DeMeester et al 2010). These areas with the nutrition transition also have the presence of other risk factors that could easily shorten the exceptional survival. These include lack of exercise and increased smoking that leads to obesity. Therefore, it is a combination of the Western diets, smoking and a negative perception towards exercise that leads to an increase in the degenerative diseases and thus shorter lives.
The effect of food on health is clearly evident in the types of risks that people face in their lives. Majority of the western diets are well known for their chemicals and cholesterol that could lead to high risks of acquiring some diseases. A characteristic amongst centenarians is that they do not have cases of heart diseases and diabetes. It is also clear that these centenarians do not have cases of obesity (DeMeester et al 2010). The region famed for majority of the centenarians is in the Asian continent, specifically in Japan (Freeman et al 2010). However, subsequent research on the area showed that there could have been flaws in this earlier assumption. As much as nutrition is a factor that can be attributed to this long existence, most centenarians do not attribute their long lives to it. In fact, most centenarians are of the belief that positive attitudes and close links to families could be their secret to long survival and not necessarily the nutrition and genetics link (Freeman et al 2010).

Centenarians experience long lives and exceptional health characteristics by the essence of their nutrition (Zeng, 2010). By definition, Centenarian refers to an individual who lives up to or above one hundred years of age. This study seeks to address the problem of premature mortality because of degenerative disease with reference to the Centenarians. The study also seeks to address the explanation of healthy Centenarians, which have been elusive, and mystery to the research literature (Luczywek et al, 2007).
Research studies have highlighted that issue of exceptional health and longevity has undergone gradual transformation nutritionally (Newnham, 2009). This transformation has been evident in the six areas of exceptional health (infant mortality, cancer screening and management, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, HIV infections/AIDS, and immunizations) to a more westernized diet (Richmond et al, 2011). The infant mortality is the expression of the statistical rate of infant deaths in the first year of birth in relation to the 1000 live births in a given area. Diabetes is the presence of excess or high level of sugar in the blood system. Cancer screening and management is the attempt to detect cancer and apply appropriate measures in dealing with the problem. Cardiovascular disease is an infection that affects the functionality of the heart and the blood system. Immunization refers to the act of preventing the occurrence of an infection through the administration of a vaccine. The main effect of this transformation is evident in the development of clinical biomarkers of degenerative disease. Over 2-3 generations, there has been a shift in diet and rising degenerative disease in these areas. This is because of adoption of nutritional system of the short-lived counterparts and practice of other common activities such as minimal exercising and smoking (Cress et al, 2010).
Problem Statement
The problem statement is to establish the existence of Centenarians in the six areas (Sardinia, Okinawa, Japan, Guanacaste Peninsula, Costa Rica, Bima Yao, and Nicoya, Costa Rica). This would be in relation to the type of diet they feed on hence the prolonged existence.
Purpose Statement
The purpose statement is to offer accurate answers to the research questions and research problems derived from the study.
Significance of the Study
Achieving the purpose of the study is significant to nutrition, gerontology, and public health fields, as it would answer purposely why public health has deteriorated with the nutritional transformation to a westernized diet across the globe. It would not perform this purpose, but it might aid our understanding of what centenarians have consumed in their lives, and to what degree that diet was a result of their prolonged existence (Yagi et al, 2012).
Qualitative Research design
The study will apply the administration of questionnaires and interview activities to a sample of Centenarians. The research will seek to unveil what the Centenarians consume, dietary history, and the contribution of the dietary on longevity and exceptional health. The research design will also focus on the absence of degenerative diseases and presence of improved public health (Willcox et al, 2010).
Population
The study would focus on prominent areas that portray enormous numbers of Centenarians. These areas include the island called Sardinia, Okinawa, Japan, and the Guanacaste Peninsula Costa Rica concentrated in the area around Nicoya, Costa Rica.
Research Questions
The study would seek to answer the following question. What diet do centenarians eat? In order to effective answer the question, the study would adopt the use of the sub-questions below.
1. To what do centenarians in Costa Rica attribute their long life?
2. What do these centenarians eat now?
3. What kinds of seasonal fluctuations in diet were there over the decades?
4. What were the agricultural patterns in which their diet was embedded?
5. What social changes have caused a change in diet over the last fifty years?
6. Which foods do you they consider healthiest?
7. What specific traditional diets lead to the greatest longevity?
8. Do the centenarians consume processed food at any point of their lives? If yes, indicate why?
9. What is the proportion of fruits, vegetables and ethno-botanicals in the diet of centenarians?
10. What is the appropriate food composition of a diet according to the centenarian?
Theory
The study would adopt the need of the conceptual framework with the ability to view explanation of the findings. This is the act of applying theoretical lens to offer extensive view of the study in an objective way. The conceptual framework would aid the essence of communicating the results of the study to the viewers or other researchers. Conceptual framework is also crucial in illustration why research is executed in the form of choice. In this study, the conceptual framework would offer accurate explanation of the methodologies and research questions towards the achievement of results.
Assumptions and Limitations
The assumptions of the study indicate that centenarians are exceptionally healthy and live long because of that diet, lifestyle, social networks, local environmental factors, and genetic predispositions (McDonald et al, 2009). The study will assume that the overriding factor in relation to the exceptional health and long lives by the Centenarians is the diet. The health of human beings is determined by what is consumed. This offers ideal assumption towards execution of the study. Local environment also plays a critical role in the exceptionally healthy Centenarians. The level of adaptability to the environment is vital to the health of an individual hence the assumption by the study (Michels et al, 2003).
Limitations may include other factors causing exceptional longevity that may not include nutrient consumption patterns. Such factors might include evasion of smoking habits, execution of daily physical exercises, and genetic properties. The study will note examine these features effectively thus minimization of the ability of the experiment to generalize the findings. The other limitation in relation to this research is the size of the population. Future Centenarians would voluntarily engage in the study thus minimization of the sample size.
Expected Findings
Some of the indigenous fruits and vegetables do not exist in the western diet. High utilization of fiber particularly from cereals results into a noteworthy mortality decrease in individuals. Fiber in beans, fruits, nuts, whole grains and vegetables lessens LDL cholesterol levels, guarantees optimal glucose levels in the blood system and eases bowel movements (Chung et al, 2010). Consumption of large amounts of vegetables and fruits leads to fulfillment, and one benefits from the fiber. Equally, processed food and fried junk food predisposes one to obesity. Obesity surpasses smoking in accelerating the aging process.
The fruit and vegetables are nutrient dense and low caloric always associated by a caloric limitation diet. The foods are low in the constitution of glycerin. Hydration has the capacity to consist of water that is heavy in calcium hydroxide and/or other minerals. The area in Guanacaste Peninsula in Costa Rica has extremely high calcium hydroxide content in a region where many centenarians live, because of the local limestone. However, an exceptionally healthy area in northern Sardinia possesses a granite base, without limestone. This environmental factor cannot be explained. The individuals experiencing exceptional longevity records high percentage rates to exist within these areas (Popkin, 2003).

References
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Cress, M., Gondo, Y., Davey, A., Anderson, S., Seock-Ho, K., & Poon, L. W. (2010). Assessing Physical Performance in Centenarians: Norms and an Extended Scale from the Georgia Centenarian Study. Current Gerontology & Geratrics Research, 1-6. doi:10.1155/2010/310610
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The infant mortality is the expression of the statistical rate of infant deaths in the first year of birth in relation to the 1000 live births in a given area. Diabetes is the presence of excess or high level of sugar in the blood system.

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The infant with development challenges study analysis

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The infant with development challenges study analysis.

This is a paper that is focusing on the infant with development challenges study analysis. The paper also provides the various competencies requirements for this assignment paper.

The infant with development challenges study analysis

Create and analyze a 1 page simulated case study of an infant or toddler with developmental challenges. Also, who shows evidence of factors that affect development. Then, create a 4-page intervention plan based on evidence-based strategies that have proven effective in similar cases and make projections for possible long-term impacts of the child’s current challenges.

Competency 1: Firstly, analyze how lifespan development theories and related research explain aspects of human growth and behavior at different ages. Analyze evidence of a specific attachment style.

Competency 2: Secondly, assess the potential impact of individual and cultural differences on development across the lifespan. Assess the potential impact of individual and cultural differences on development.

Competency 3: Thirdly, identify evidence-based interventions to address specific developmental issues. Suggest appropriate intervention processes based on lifespan development theory and evidence from the literature.

The infant with development challenges study analysis

Complete the following:

Research evidence-based interventions that have been effective in meeting the challenges of the infant or toddler you described in your case study, from the perspective of your own professional specialization (as far as possible). Explain how the deficits in developmental domains or environmental contexts impacted functioning.

State the recommended interventions that align with your specialization. Include evidence for those outcomes from the professional literature. Additionally. explore briefly the literature on adult attachment issues, considering that early influences can impact development across the lifespan. Explain, from the perspective of a General Psychologist, how the attachment style of the infant or toddler could be manifested as an adult. Explain how this might help in understanding and determining an approach to working with an adult with attachment-related issues. The presenting challenges and primary issues. An analysis of how lifespan development theory and research may account for the presenting challenges.

An assessment of the potential impact of individual and cultural differences on development for the current age and also context described in the case study. Suggestions of evidence-based intervention strategies that have proven effective in similar cases, supported by citations of research and any applicable theories. Projections, based on research and/or theory, of possible long-term impacts that the current challenges may produce across the individual’s lifespan. I uploaded an example essay on how the professor wants us to do it. Please cover all topics in the competencies

The infant with development challenges study analysis

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