Tag: exceptional

Discuss using current literature TWO (2) ethico- legal issues related to your chosen scenario (10 marks). Exceptional discussion related to the ethico-legal issues related to the scenario. Sources used are exceptional to support work.

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Exceptional critical discussion noted

Promoting mental health and wellbeing

Essay – Promoting mental health and wellbeing (1000 words)

Aim of assessment
The purpose of this guided essay is to enable students to consolidate nursing/midwifery issues covered in class materials and to determine students’ understanding of the topics and applications, in preparation for transition into the professional nursing and midwifery workforce. This is a guided essay based on a case study where the students respond by answering a series of questions.

Details
Using EITHER Scenario A or Scenario B- please answer the following questions:

1. Investigate and outline the prevalence/incidence of depression / anxiety (depending on the scenario you have chosen) in Australia – Your answer needs to cover: gender, age groups, specific risk groups, hospitalisations.
2. Using current literature discuss TWO (2) factors that may have contributed to the development of the client’s presentation and mental health concerns.
3. Using current literature discuss TWO (2) ethico-legal issues related to your scenario.
4. Identify TWO (2) nursing/midwifery concerns / problems with evidence from your chosen scenario- Your risk identification should be focused on the next 1-5 days of nursing/midwifery care for your client.
5. For each nursing / midwifery concern / problem you have identified in Question 4, outline and describe TWO (2) evidence based nursing / midwifery interventions (ie; what you would actually do as a nurse / midwife to support the person and how you would do it). Your interventions should be focused on nursing / midwifery care for your client over the next 1-5 days. They must be interventions which you would actually undertake directly with your client within your role as a nurse or midwife. You are also required to provide a clear rationale for each nursing / midwifery intervention (ie. why have you chosen the particular nursing interventions? How will the interventions support the person or contribute positively to their current presentation or concern?) Each intervention and rationale must be supported by current literature.

Scenario A
David has been referred to you in the Emergency Mental Health Community Team by his GP. His GP is concerned about David’s mental health state and risks to self. David is a 23 year old man, currently living with his mother. Both David and his brother, Peter, have a positive relationship with their mum. David’s mother and father divorced when he was 15 years old. Before his parent’s divorce, David had a positive relationship with his dad. However at the time of his parent’s divorce David became very angry towards his dad. David also directed his anger towards his friends at the time and he quickly became isolated from his peers, ultimately leaving school at 15 years old, at the end of year 9. David and his older brother, Peter, aged 25, had shared interests of bike riding and computers during their teenager years. During your meeting with David, he stated that he did feel that he and his brother had a close relationship and friendship. However, he acknowledged that they had become more distance in recent years. David has had three past heterosexual relationships lasting several months. His last relationship finished two months ago. His most recent girlfriend has disclosed she is three months pregnant and does not wish for David to be involved in the care of the baby.
After leaving school, David had a number of part time labourer jobs. Each job lasted for two to three months. His most recent employment, over a year ago, was terminated by the employer as a result of conflict with his colleagues. David had left three of his previous jobs on his own accord as he felt “he just didn’t fit in”. He recalled a constant feeling of agitation and sadness at the time. During your contact with David, he has not worked for at least a year. He has contact with his father and brother every month or so. Many of the contacts with his father and brother end in verbal hostility. During the assessment with David, you notice he becomes distressed and tearful on your questioning. He reports recent weight loss. He discloses he has been having difficulties sleeping, feeling exhausted and increasingly depressed. You make further attempts to find out what has been happening for David and to engage with him. He asks you to stop questioning as he is ashamed of how he is currently feeling. He is worried about letting his mum down as they have always had a positive relationship. He declines to look at you while you ask him about thoughts of suicide. He does not wish for you to have any discussions with his family.

Scenario B
Tracey is a 35 year old woman who presents for assessment to the Emergency Mental Health Community Team. She is six months pregnant with her third child. Her other children, to her ex-partner, are aged three and five. Tracey is in a heterosexual relationship with her partner of one year, Peter. Peter moved in to live with Tracey and her children eight months ago. The children’s father is distressed about Peter moving in to live with his children. There is verbal hostility between Tracey and her ex- partner each time he visits to collect the children for a weekend visit. Her ex- partner frequently states he is making arrangements for court to have full time care of the children. Tracey and her current partner, Peter, are in $35,000 uncontrolled debt after a recent new joint business venture failed. A finance company calls weekly requesting payment. Tracey and her partner stopped making the mortgage repayments three months ago, with the belief that dealing with the uncontrolled debt would be a better option. Her parents are supportive but live in Queensland. Tracey is able to have face to face contact with them once a year. She does chat with her parents over telephone every week if possible. Tracey states she is worried about how she will cope with her two children and new baby. She reports low mood, weekly panic attacks and fleeting thoughts of suicide. During your meeting with Tracey, you note she is fidgety and restless, breathing rapidly, shaking slightly, sweating and tearful. She is not wishing to actively engage with the mental health services, for fear it will impact on her having care of her children, stating she will visit her General Practitioner (GP).

Important details about your assessment
? Refer to marking criteria and standards for mark allocation for each question.
? This guided essay does not require a standard essay introduction or conclusion.
? The use of tables or column layouts to answer questions 4 and 5, is encouraged.
? There is a word limit of 1000 words.
? You are required to organise your answers in order of questions; by referring to the question
number in your answer.
? Marks will be allocated for academic writing and referencing.

Marking criteria and standards:
Assessment 1 – Guided Essay – Promoting Mental Health and Wellbeing

Investigate and outline the prevalence/incidence of depression / anxiety (depending on the scenario you have chosen) in Australia using current literature. (10 marks). The details related to the prevalence/incidence of depression or anxiety are exceptional and of the highest quality. The answer is well supported by relevant literature. The details related to the prevalence/incidence of depression or anxiety are accurate and of superior quality. The answer is supported by relevant literature.

Discuss using current literature TWO (2) factors that may have contributed to the development of either David’s or Tracey’s presentation and mental health concerns. (10 marks). Discussion consistently conveys evidence of analysis and synthesis showing exceptional understanding of the factors that may have contributed to the client’s presentation and mental health concerns. Sources used are exceptional to support work. Exceptional critical discussion noted. Discussion consistently conveys evidence of critical analysis and shows superior understanding of the factors that may have contributed to the client’s presentation and mental health concerns. Sources used are accurate and superior to support work. Superior critical discussion noted.

Discuss using current literature TWO (2) ethico- legal issues related to your chosen scenario (10 marks). Exceptional discussion related to the ethico-legal issues related to the scenario. Sources used are exceptional to support work. Exceptional critical discussion noted. Superior discussion of the ethico-legal issues related to the scenario. Superior critical analysis and discussion noted. Sources used are of high standard.

Identify TWO (2) nursing/midwifery problems/risks with evidence from your chosen scenario. (5 marks). Exceptional identification of TWO (2) nursing/midwifery problems/risks with clear evidence and relevance to the case study chosen. Superior identification of TWO (2) nursing/midwifery problems/risks with clear evidence and relevance to the case study chosen.

For each nursing/midwifery problem/risk you have identified in Question 4, Outline and describe TWO (2) evidenced based nursing/midwifery interventions and rationales for each. (10 marks). Exceptional; clear concisely written relevant nursing/midwifery interventions. Sources used are exceptional to support work. Exceptional critical descriptions noted. Superior; well written relevant nursing/midwifery interventions. Superior descriptions noted. Sources used are of high standard.

Academic writing & referencing skills (5 marks). Exceptional referencing: both in text and final reference list according to APA style. Extensive, relevant current academic reference list effectively utilised. Publishable writing style and use of language. Superior referencing, with adequate and correct in text and final reference list according to APA style. Comprehensive, relevant, list of current academic references used. Superior writing style and use of language; no errors in spelling, grammar, or punctuation.

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Describe the laws and provisions that support children with exceptional needs and their families.

Posted on | by Simon KN

Describe the laws and provisions that support children with exceptional needs and their families.

Written Assignment – Laws and Standards Training

Top of Form

Bottom of Form

Module 02 Content

  1.  

Top of Form

Purpose of Assignment: The purpose of this assignment is to explain laws and practices regarding children with exceptional needs, as well as, how these laws affect early education programs and services.

Course Competency:

  1. Describe the laws and provisions that support children with exceptional needs and their families.
  2.  

Instructions:

Content:

Describe the laws and provisions that support children with exceptional needs and their families.

  1. Create a training for your program on the required laws and practiced for children with exceptional needs. Your goal is to provide this training during one of your programs monthly meetings. The training includes all of the following components:
  2. Choose your program (Center-based infant- toddler, Center Based- preschool or Family Child Care- mixed ages)
  3. Provide the outline of content including training title, summary, objectives, content on the necessary laws and practices, why this is important to family partnerships, content on what that looks and acts like for educators and families in your program, how the content will be presented to participants (lecture, discussions, small group, activity, etc.) and references.
  4. Create Power Point slides to accompany the outline illustrating your key points throughout. At least eight slides, including a title slide, objective slide and references slide. Total slides at least 10
  5. Include at least two credible references in your outline and power point.
laws and provisions that support children with exceptional needs

Format:

  1. Content Outline including all required content
  2. Power Point – at least eight slides (not including one slide for references and title slide)
  3. Slides are engaging and include appropriate visuals
  4. Appropriate spelling and grammar use throughout

Bottom of Form

  1.  

Top of Form

Resources:

  1. How to create a PPT, including best practices for high quality PPTs
  2. How to create an outline

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Exceptional Genius

Posted on | by Simon KN

Exceptional Genius.

For your initial post, imagine the following scenario:  As a psychology professional, you have been asked to provide a caregiver with your professional opinion regarding how issues related to your chosen topic may influence short and long-term physical, cognitive, or psychosocial development in his or her child in the area of development to research and discuss:

 

Has to be on this subject: Attachment parenting

 

Focus your discussion around one of the following stages:  the prenatal period, infancy, or toddlerhood (conception – 3 years). 

 

Research at least three peer-reviewed articles on your chosen topic that either support or challenge aspects of your chosen issue. Strive to find recent work, but seminal research on the topic should be considered as well.  Evaluate the unique scholarly perspectives found in your research. Based on the research you reviewed, identify your professional position on the topic; specifically, will incorporation of this element have a positive or negative impact on the child’s development? Apply this research to major themes of development influenced by your chosen topic (i.e., physical, cognitive, and/or social) and explain how the literature supports your chosen stance. Point out how your stance compares or contrasts with prevailing popular wisdom on the topic. Your explanation should take the form of a persuasive discussion intended to help the caregiver respond positively to your advice as a psychology professional. Analyze any ethical considerations discussed in the research and their effect(s) on the trends related to your topic. Include the complete references for your selected articles at the end of your initial post.

Exceptional Genius

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In a period spanning the last three generations there has been a significant trend in the course of the degenerative diseases. This is also noticeable in these areas of longevity and exceptional

Posted on | by Simon KN

In a period spanning the last three generations there has been a significant trend in the course of the degenerative diseases. This is also noticeable in these areas of longevity and exceptional.

Here is a copy of response from chair to last iteration, with last effort below the chair comments. I want the entire prospectus rewritten professionally, and halfway acceptable:Date : Tue, Oct 23, 2012 08:26 PM CDT
From : Michael Schwab <Michael.Schwab@waldenu.edu>
To : Herbert Jamieson <herbert.jamieson@waldenu.edu>
Hi Herbert:

I have reviewed your latest draft of the prospectus and appreciate the work
you have done to improve the line of logic. However, it’s clear to me that you
need more help with your writing, especially in constructing your argument
around these various concepts – regions of longevity, health of centenarians,
reasons for longevity and the role of diet. Clarity here is essential in
establishing the nature of the problem and the gap in the literature.

We have four options here, and I’d like you to consider them all.

First, please ask for an appointment with a Walden librarian, and get some
coaching on using databases to research a topic.

Second, go the Writing Center and ask for help with the logic in your
prospectus, starting with the first two paragraphs of your latest draft.

Third, consider hiring a writing tutor. There are some excellent ones
connected to the Writing Center, and they could save you a lot of trouble.

Lastly, I strongly encourage you to attend a Dissertation Intensive, where you
can receive extended in-depth help with all aspects of writing a dissertation.

I want to see you succeed, and believe that these additional aides could help
you do that.

MS

Michael Schwab, Dr. P.H.
Core Faculty
School of Health Sciences
Walden University

REWRITE FROM SCRATCH. Put approval button on the next attempt. You guys are becoming less professional!This is totally unacceptable!
Prospectus October 23
New Prospectus, October 22, 2012
Problem
This study will seek to interview existent centenarians in an effort to find out the secret behind their long lives. Interviewing of these centenarians will primarily be in the areas that have the reputation of people with low disabilities. It is imperative to point out that these are the same areas that have a similar low level of frailty. One factor to this reasoning is the increase in Western diets which are known for their contributions towards chronic ailments. In the recent past, most areas have done away with the indigenous foods and replaced them with these new arrivals. According to some studies, areas with the most centenarians do not have any frailty or disability at all. This has prompted researchers like Thomas Perls to conclude that the reason behind their long lives lies behind the lack of this disability (NIH 2006). The problem lies in that it is almost impossible to determine whether these indigenous foods have anything to do with the centenarians and their exceptional survival since there is little information regarding these diets. In fact, the existent knowledge on these diets is disappearing fast. Therefore, it is still unclear as to whether the traditional dietary patterns have any contribution to the long survival of the centenarians (Robine & Saito 2003).
Background of the problem
In the recent past, Western diets have overwhelmed the traditional diets in most areas that were using the latter. Research indicates that majority if the population that depends on the western diets is much prone to diseases and frailties than those with the traditional diets. This can be generalized to represent the wholesome health of these individuals and not just the disabilities. In a period spanning the last three generations, there has been a significant trend in the course of the degenerative diseases. This is also noticeable in these areas of longevity and exceptional
survival. The effects of this transition have been profound with more cases of infant mortality and cardiovascular diseases (Arakawa et al 2005). This has also seen an increase in the reported cases of cancer screening, diabetes and HIV/AIDS (DeMeester et al 2010). These areas with the nutrition transition also have the presence of other risk factors that could easily shorten the exceptional survival. These include lack of exercise and increased smoking that leads to obesity. Therefore, it is a combination of the Western diets, smoking and a negative perception towards exercise that leads to an increase in the degenerative diseases and thus shorter lives.
The effect of food on health is clearly evident in the types of risks that people face in their lives. Majority of the western diets are well known for their chemicals and cholesterol that could lead to high risks of acquiring some diseases. A characteristic amongst centenarians is that they do not have cases of heart diseases and diabetes. It is also clear that these centenarians do not have cases of obesity (DeMeester et al 2010). The region famed for majority of the centenarians is in the Asian continent, specifically in Japan (Freeman et al 2010). However, subsequent research on the area showed that there could have been flaws in this earlier assumption. As much as nutrition is a factor that can be attributed to this long existence, most centenarians do not attribute their long lives to it. In fact, most centenarians are of the belief that positive attitudes and close links to families could be their secret to long survival and not necessarily the nutrition and genetics link (Freeman et al 2010).

Centenarians experience long lives and exceptional health characteristics by the essence of their nutrition (Zeng, 2010). By definition, Centenarian refers to an individual who lives up to or above one hundred years of age. This study seeks to address the problem of premature mortality because of degenerative disease with reference to the Centenarians. The study also seeks to address the explanation of healthy Centenarians, which have been elusive, and mystery to the research literature (Luczywek et al, 2007).
Research studies have highlighted that issue of exceptional health and longevity has undergone gradual transformation nutritionally (Newnham, 2009). This transformation has been evident in the six areas of exceptional health (infant mortality, cancer screening and management, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, HIV infections/AIDS, and immunizations) to a more westernized diet (Richmond et al, 2011). The infant mortality is the expression of the statistical rate of infant deaths in the first year of birth in relation to the 1000 live births in a given area. Diabetes is the presence of excess or high level of sugar in the blood system. Cancer screening and management is the attempt to detect cancer and apply appropriate measures in dealing with the problem. Cardiovascular disease is an infection that affects the functionality of the heart and the blood system. Immunization refers to the act of preventing the occurrence of an infection through the administration of a vaccine. The main effect of this transformation is evident in the development of clinical biomarkers of degenerative disease. Over 2-3 generations, there has been a shift in diet and rising degenerative disease in these areas. This is because of adoption of nutritional system of the short-lived counterparts and practice of other common activities such as minimal exercising and smoking (Cress et al, 2010).
Problem Statement
The problem statement is to establish the existence of Centenarians in the six areas (Sardinia, Okinawa, Japan, Guanacaste Peninsula, Costa Rica, Bima Yao, and Nicoya, Costa Rica). This would be in relation to the type of diet they feed on hence the prolonged existence.
Purpose Statement
The purpose statement is to offer accurate answers to the research questions and research problems derived from the study.
Significance of the Study
Achieving the purpose of the study is significant to nutrition, gerontology, and public health fields, as it would answer purposely why public health has deteriorated with the nutritional transformation to a westernized diet across the globe. It would not perform this purpose, but it might aid our understanding of what centenarians have consumed in their lives, and to what degree that diet was a result of their prolonged existence (Yagi et al, 2012).
Qualitative Research design
The study will apply the administration of questionnaires and interview activities to a sample of Centenarians. The research will seek to unveil what the Centenarians consume, dietary history, and the contribution of the dietary on longevity and exceptional health. The research design will also focus on the absence of degenerative diseases and presence of improved public health (Willcox et al, 2010).
Population
The study would focus on prominent areas that portray enormous numbers of Centenarians. These areas include the island called Sardinia, Okinawa, Japan, and the Guanacaste Peninsula Costa Rica concentrated in the area around Nicoya, Costa Rica.
Research Questions
The study would seek to answer the following question. What diet do centenarians eat? In order to effective answer the question, the study would adopt the use of the sub-questions below.
1. To what do centenarians in Costa Rica attribute their long life?
2. What do these centenarians eat now?
3. What kinds of seasonal fluctuations in diet were there over the decades?
4. What were the agricultural patterns in which their diet was embedded?
5. What social changes have caused a change in diet over the last fifty years?
6. Which foods do you they consider healthiest?
7. What specific traditional diets lead to the greatest longevity?
8. Do the centenarians consume processed food at any point of their lives? If yes, indicate why?
9. What is the proportion of fruits, vegetables and ethno-botanicals in the diet of centenarians?
10. What is the appropriate food composition of a diet according to the centenarian?
Theory
The study would adopt the need of the conceptual framework with the ability to view explanation of the findings. This is the act of applying theoretical lens to offer extensive view of the study in an objective way. The conceptual framework would aid the essence of communicating the results of the study to the viewers or other researchers. Conceptual framework is also crucial in illustration why research is executed in the form of choice. In this study, the conceptual framework would offer accurate explanation of the methodologies and research questions towards the achievement of results.
Assumptions and Limitations
The assumptions of the study indicate that centenarians are exceptionally healthy and live long because of that diet, lifestyle, social networks, local environmental factors, and genetic predispositions (McDonald et al, 2009). The study will assume that the overriding factor in relation to the exceptional health and long lives by the Centenarians is the diet. The health of human beings is determined by what is consumed. This offers ideal assumption towards execution of the study. Local environment also plays a critical role in the exceptionally healthy Centenarians. The level of adaptability to the environment is vital to the health of an individual hence the assumption by the study (Michels et al, 2003).
Limitations may include other factors causing exceptional longevity that may not include nutrient consumption patterns. Such factors might include evasion of smoking habits, execution of daily physical exercises, and genetic properties. The study will note examine these features effectively thus minimization of the ability of the experiment to generalize the findings. The other limitation in relation to this research is the size of the population. Future Centenarians would voluntarily engage in the study thus minimization of the sample size.
Expected Findings
Some of the indigenous fruits and vegetables do not exist in the western diet. High utilization of fiber particularly from cereals results into a noteworthy mortality decrease in individuals. Fiber in beans, fruits, nuts, whole grains and vegetables lessens LDL cholesterol levels, guarantees optimal glucose levels in the blood system and eases bowel movements (Chung et al, 2010). Consumption of large amounts of vegetables and fruits leads to fulfillment, and one benefits from the fiber. Equally, processed food and fried junk food predisposes one to obesity. Obesity surpasses smoking in accelerating the aging process.
The fruit and vegetables are nutrient dense and low caloric always associated by a caloric limitation diet. The foods are low in the constitution of glycerin. Hydration has the capacity to consist of water that is heavy in calcium hydroxide and/or other minerals. The area in Guanacaste Peninsula in Costa Rica has extremely high calcium hydroxide content in a region where many centenarians live, because of the local limestone. However, an exceptionally healthy area in northern Sardinia possesses a granite base, without limestone. This environmental factor cannot be explained. The individuals experiencing exceptional longevity records high percentage rates to exist within these areas (Popkin, 2003).

References
Arakawa, M., Miyake, Y., & Taira, K. (2005). Hypertension and stroke in centenarians,
Okinawa, Japan. Cerebrovascular Diseases (Basel, Switzerland), 20(4), 233-238.
Chung Shil, K., Mee Sook, L., Se In, O., & Sang Chul, P. (2010). Discovery of Novel Sources of Vitamin B12 in Traditional Korean Foods from Nutritional Surveys of Centenarians. Current Gerontology & Geratrics Research, 1-11. doi:10.1155/2010/374897
Cress, M., Gondo, Y., Davey, A., Anderson, S., Seock-Ho, K., & Poon, L. W. (2010). Assessing Physical Performance in Centenarians: Norms and an Extended Scale from the Georgia Centenarian Study. Current Gerontology & Geratrics Research, 1-6. doi:10.1155/2010/310610
DeMeester, F., Zibadi, S., & Watson, R. R. (2010). Modern dietary fat intakes in disease promotion. Totowa, N.J: Humana.
Freeman, S., Kurosawa, H., Ebihara, S., & Kohzuki, M. (2010). Understanding the oldest old in northern Japan: An overview of the functional ability and characteristics of centenarians. Geriatrics & Gerontology International, 10(1), 78-84. doi:10.1111/j.1447-0594.2009.00550.x
Hillman, J. (1997). Clinical psychologists’ judgments of older adult patients with character pathology; Implications for practice [Abstract]. the international Journal of aging human development, 28(2), 179-183.
Iannitti, T., & Palmieri, B. (2011). Inflammation and Genetics: An Insight in the Centenarian Model. Human Biology, 83(4), 531-559.
Luczywek, E. E., Gabryelewicz, T. T., Barczak, A. A., Religa, D. D., Pfeffer, A. A., Styczynska, M. M., & … Barcikowska, M. M. (2007). Neurocognition of centenarians: neuropsychological study of élite centenarians. International Journal Of Geriatric Psychiatry, 22(10), 1004-1008. doi:10.1002/gps.1780
MacDonald, M., Martin, P., Margrett, J., & Poon, L. (2009). Correspondence of perceptions about centenarians’ mental health. Aging & Mental Health, 13(6), 827-837. doi:10.1080/13607860902918249
Merriam-Webster online dictionary. (2012). Merriam-Webster Unabridged Dictionary.Springfield Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster, Incorporated.
Michels, K. B. (2003). Nutritional epidemiology – past, present, future. international Journal of Epidemiology, 32(4), 486 – 488.
National Institute of Health. (2006, October). Secrets to a Longer, Healthier Life. Retrieved from http://newsinhealth.nih.gov/pdf/NIHNIH%20October2006.pdf
Newnham, d. (2009). Outside ln. Nursing Standard, 23(33), 24-25.
Pinquart, M. (2003). Differences in caregivers and non-caregivers in psychological health of physical health: a meta-analysis. Psychology and Aging, 18, 250 – 267.
Popkin, B. M. (2003). Patterns and trends in food portion sizes, 1977 – 1998. JAMA, 289(4), 450– 453.
Shimonaka, Y. (1996). Personality, longevity, and successful aging among Tokyo Metropolitan
centenarians [Abstract]
Richmond, R. L., Law, J., & Kay-Lambkin, F. (2011). Physical, Mental, and Cognitive Function in a Convenience Sample of Centenarians in Australia. Journal Of The American Geriatrics Society, 59(6), 1080-1086. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03404.x
Robine, J., & Saito, Y. (2003). Survival Beyond Age 100: The Case of Japan. Population & Development Review, 29(s1), 208-228.
Roughead, E., Kalisch, L., Ramsay, E., Ryan, P., & Gilbert, A. (2010). Use of health services and medicines amongst Australian war veterans: a comparison of young elderly, near centenarians and centenarians. BMC Geriatrics, 1083.
Tyrovolas, S., Tountas, Y., Polychronopoulos, E., & Panagiotakos, D. B. (2011). The Implications Of Nutrition Services Within The Health Care System On The Quality Of Life And Longevity, In Developed Countries: A Re-Analysis Of 38 Studies. Central European Journal Of Public Health, 19(1), 13-19.
Willcox, D., Willcox, B. J., & Poon, L. W. (2010). Centenarian Studies: Important Contributors to Our Understanding of the Aging Process and Longevity. Current Gerontology & Geratrics Research, 1-6. doi:10.1155/2010/484529
Yagi, T., Kosakai, A., Ito, D., Okada, Y., Akamatsu, W., Nihei, Y., & … Suzuki, N. (2012). Establishment of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Centenarians for Neurodegenerative Disease Research. Plos ONE, 7(7), 1-7. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041572
Zeng, Y. (2010). Resilience significantly contributes to exceptional longevity. Current gerontology and geriatrics research

In a period spanning the last three generations there has been a significant trend in the course of the degenerative diseases. This is also noticeable in these areas of longevity and exceptional

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Research studies have highlighted that issue of exceptional health and longevity has undergone gradual transformation nutritionally (Newnham 2009). This transformation has been evident in the six areas of exceptional health (infant mortality cancer screening and management cardiovascular disease diabetes HIV infections/AIDS and immunizations) to a more westernized diet (Richmond et al 2011).

Posted on | by Simon KN

Research studies have highlighted that issue of exceptional health and longevity has undergone gradual transformation nutritionally (Newnham 2009). This transformation has been evident in the six areas of exceptional health (infant mortality cancer screening and management cardiovascular disease diabetes HIV infections/AIDS and immunizations) to a more westernized diet (Richmond et al 2011)..

Here is a copy of response from chair to last iteration, with last effort below the chair comments. I want the entire prospectus rewritten professionally, and halfway acceptable:Date : Tue, Oct 23, 2012 08:26 PM CDT
From : Michael Schwab <Michael.Schwab@waldenu.edu>
To : Herbert Jamieson <herbert.jamieson@waldenu.edu>
Hi Herbert:

I have reviewed your latest draft of the prospectus and appreciate the work
you have done to improve the line of logic. However, it’s clear to me that you
need more help with your writing, especially in constructing your argument
around these various concepts – regions of longevity, health of centenarians,
reasons for longevity and the role of diet. Clarity here is essential in
establishing the nature of the problem and the gap in the literature.

We have four options here, and I’d like you to consider them all.

First, please ask for an appointment with a Walden librarian, and get some
coaching on using databases to research a topic.

Second, go the Writing Center and ask for help with the logic in your
prospectus, starting with the first two paragraphs of your latest draft.

Third, consider hiring a writing tutor. There are some excellent ones
connected to the Writing Center, and they could save you a lot of trouble.

Lastly, I strongly encourage you to attend a Dissertation Intensive, where you
can receive extended in-depth help with all aspects of writing a dissertation.

I want to see you succeed, and believe that these additional aides could help
you do that.

MS

Michael Schwab, Dr. P.H.
Core Faculty
School of Health Sciences
Walden University

REWRITE FROM SCRATCH. Put approval button on the next attempt. You guys are becoming less professional!This is totally unacceptable!
Prospectus October 23
New Prospectus, October 22, 2012
Problem
This study will seek to interview existent centenarians in an effort to find out the secret behind their long lives. Interviewing of these centenarians will primarily be in the areas that have the reputation of people with low disabilities. It is imperative to point out that these are the same areas that have a similar low level of frailty. One factor to this reasoning is the increase in Western diets which are known for their contributions towards chronic ailments. In the recent past, most areas have done away with the indigenous foods and replaced them with these new arrivals. According to some studies, areas with the most centenarians do not have any frailty or disability at all. This has prompted researchers like Thomas Perls to conclude that the reason behind their long lives lies behind the lack of this disability (NIH 2006). The problem lies in that it is almost impossible to determine whether these indigenous foods have anything to do with the centenarians and their exceptional survival since there is little information regarding these diets. In fact, the existent knowledge on these diets is disappearing fast. Therefore, it is still unclear as to whether the traditional dietary patterns have any contribution to the long survival of the centenarians (Robine & Saito 2003).
Background of the problem
In the recent past, Western diets have overwhelmed the traditional diets in most areas that were using the latter. Research indicates that majority if the population that depends on the western diets is much prone to diseases and frailties than those with the traditional diets. This can be generalized to represent the wholesome health of these individuals and not just the disabilities. In a period spanning the last three generations, there has been a significant trend in the course of the degenerative diseases. This is also noticeable in these areas of longevity and exceptional
survival. The effects of this transition have been profound with more cases of infant mortality and cardiovascular diseases (Arakawa et al 2005). This has also seen an increase in the reported cases of cancer screening, diabetes and HIV/AIDS (DeMeester et al 2010). These areas with the nutrition transition also have the presence of other risk factors that could easily shorten the exceptional survival. These include lack of exercise and increased smoking that leads to obesity. Therefore, it is a combination of the Western diets, smoking and a negative perception towards exercise that leads to an increase in the degenerative diseases and thus shorter lives.
The effect of food on health is clearly evident in the types of risks that people face in their lives. Majority of the western diets are well known for their chemicals and cholesterol that could lead to high risks of acquiring some diseases. A characteristic amongst centenarians is that they do not have cases of heart diseases and diabetes. It is also clear that these centenarians do not have cases of obesity (DeMeester et al 2010). The region famed for majority of the centenarians is in the Asian continent, specifically in Japan (Freeman et al 2010). However, subsequent research on the area showed that there could have been flaws in this earlier assumption. As much as nutrition is a factor that can be attributed to this long existence, most centenarians do not attribute their long lives to it. In fact, most centenarians are of the belief that positive attitudes and close links to families could be their secret to long survival and not necessarily the nutrition and genetics link (Freeman et al 2010).

Centenarians experience long lives and exceptional health characteristics by the essence of their nutrition (Zeng, 2010). By definition, Centenarian refers to an individual who lives up to or above one hundred years of age. This study seeks to address the problem of premature mortality because of degenerative disease with reference to the Centenarians. The study also seeks to address the explanation of healthy Centenarians, which have been elusive, and mystery to the research literature (Luczywek et al, 2007).
Research studies have highlighted that issue of exceptional health and longevity has undergone gradual transformation nutritionally (Newnham, 2009). This transformation has been evident in the six areas of exceptional health (infant mortality, cancer screening and management, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, HIV infections/AIDS, and immunizations) to a more westernized diet (Richmond et al, 2011). The infant mortality is the expression of the statistical rate of infant deaths in the first year of birth in relation to the 1000 live births in a given area. Diabetes is the presence of excess or high level of sugar in the blood system. Cancer screening and management is the attempt to detect cancer and apply appropriate measures in dealing with the problem. Cardiovascular disease is an infection that affects the functionality of the heart and the blood system. Immunization refers to the act of preventing the occurrence of an infection through the administration of a vaccine. The main effect of this transformation is evident in the development of clinical biomarkers of degenerative disease. Over 2-3 generations, there has been a shift in diet and rising degenerative disease in these areas. This is because of adoption of nutritional system of the short-lived counterparts and practice of other common activities such as minimal exercising and smoking (Cress et al, 2010).
Problem Statement
The problem statement is to establish the existence of Centenarians in the six areas (Sardinia, Okinawa, Japan, Guanacaste Peninsula, Costa Rica, Bima Yao, and Nicoya, Costa Rica). This would be in relation to the type of diet they feed on hence the prolonged existence.
Purpose Statement
The purpose statement is to offer accurate answers to the research questions and research problems derived from the study.
Significance of the Study
Achieving the purpose of the study is significant to nutrition, gerontology, and public health fields, as it would answer purposely why public health has deteriorated with the nutritional transformation to a westernized diet across the globe. It would not perform this purpose, but it might aid our understanding of what centenarians have consumed in their lives, and to what degree that diet was a result of their prolonged existence (Yagi et al, 2012).
Qualitative Research design
The study will apply the administration of questionnaires and interview activities to a sample of Centenarians. The research will seek to unveil what the Centenarians consume, dietary history, and the contribution of the dietary on longevity and exceptional health. The research design will also focus on the absence of degenerative diseases and presence of improved public health (Willcox et al, 2010).
Population
The study would focus on prominent areas that portray enormous numbers of Centenarians. These areas include the island called Sardinia, Okinawa, Japan, and the Guanacaste Peninsula Costa Rica concentrated in the area around Nicoya, Costa Rica.
Research Questions
The study would seek to answer the following question. What diet do centenarians eat? In order to effective answer the question, the study would adopt the use of the sub-questions below.
1. To what do centenarians in Costa Rica attribute their long life?
2. What do these centenarians eat now?
3. What kinds of seasonal fluctuations in diet were there over the decades?
4. What were the agricultural patterns in which their diet was embedded?
5. What social changes have caused a change in diet over the last fifty years?
6. Which foods do you they consider healthiest?
7. What specific traditional diets lead to the greatest longevity?
8. Do the centenarians consume processed food at any point of their lives? If yes, indicate why?
9. What is the proportion of fruits, vegetables and ethno-botanicals in the diet of centenarians?
10. What is the appropriate food composition of a diet according to the centenarian?
Theory
The study would adopt the need of the conceptual framework with the ability to view explanation of the findings. This is the act of applying theoretical lens to offer extensive view of the study in an objective way. The conceptual framework would aid the essence of communicating the results of the study to the viewers or other researchers. Conceptual framework is also crucial in illustration why research is executed in the form of choice. In this study, the conceptual framework would offer accurate explanation of the methodologies and research questions towards the achievement of results.
Assumptions and Limitations
The assumptions of the study indicate that centenarians are exceptionally healthy and live long because of that diet, lifestyle, social networks, local environmental factors, and genetic predispositions (McDonald et al, 2009). The study will assume that the overriding factor in relation to the exceptional health and long lives by the Centenarians is the diet. The health of human beings is determined by what is consumed. This offers ideal assumption towards execution of the study. Local environment also plays a critical role in the exceptionally healthy Centenarians. The level of adaptability to the environment is vital to the health of an individual hence the assumption by the study (Michels et al, 2003).
Limitations may include other factors causing exceptional longevity that may not include nutrient consumption patterns. Such factors might include evasion of smoking habits, execution of daily physical exercises, and genetic properties. The study will note examine these features effectively thus minimization of the ability of the experiment to generalize the findings. The other limitation in relation to this research is the size of the population. Future Centenarians would voluntarily engage in the study thus minimization of the sample size.
Expected Findings
Some of the indigenous fruits and vegetables do not exist in the western diet. High utilization of fiber particularly from cereals results into a noteworthy mortality decrease in individuals. Fiber in beans, fruits, nuts, whole grains and vegetables lessens LDL cholesterol levels, guarantees optimal glucose levels in the blood system and eases bowel movements (Chung et al, 2010). Consumption of large amounts of vegetables and fruits leads to fulfillment, and one benefits from the fiber. Equally, processed food and fried junk food predisposes one to obesity. Obesity surpasses smoking in accelerating the aging process.
The fruit and vegetables are nutrient dense and low caloric always associated by a caloric limitation diet. The foods are low in the constitution of glycerin. Hydration has the capacity to consist of water that is heavy in calcium hydroxide and/or other minerals. The area in Guanacaste Peninsula in Costa Rica has extremely high calcium hydroxide content in a region where many centenarians live, because of the local limestone. However, an exceptionally healthy area in northern Sardinia possesses a granite base, without limestone. This environmental factor cannot be explained. The individuals experiencing exceptional longevity records high percentage rates to exist within these areas (Popkin, 2003).

References
Arakawa, M., Miyake, Y., & Taira, K. (2005). Hypertension and stroke in centenarians,
Okinawa, Japan. Cerebrovascular Diseases (Basel, Switzerland), 20(4), 233-238.
Chung Shil, K., Mee Sook, L., Se In, O., & Sang Chul, P. (2010). Discovery of Novel Sources of Vitamin B12 in Traditional Korean Foods from Nutritional Surveys of Centenarians. Current Gerontology & Geratrics Research, 1-11. doi:10.1155/2010/374897
Cress, M., Gondo, Y., Davey, A., Anderson, S., Seock-Ho, K., & Poon, L. W. (2010). Assessing Physical Performance in Centenarians: Norms and an Extended Scale from the Georgia Centenarian Study. Current Gerontology & Geratrics Research, 1-6. doi:10.1155/2010/310610
DeMeester, F., Zibadi, S., & Watson, R. R. (2010). Modern dietary fat intakes in disease promotion. Totowa, N.J: Humana.
Freeman, S., Kurosawa, H., Ebihara, S., & Kohzuki, M. (2010). Understanding the oldest old in northern Japan: An overview of the functional ability and characteristics of centenarians. Geriatrics & Gerontology International, 10(1), 78-84. doi:10.1111/j.1447-0594.2009.00550.x
Hillman, J. (1997). Clinical psychologists’ judgments of older adult patients with character pathology; Implications for practice [Abstract]. the international Journal of aging human development, 28(2), 179-183.
Iannitti, T., & Palmieri, B. (2011). Inflammation and Genetics: An Insight in the Centenarian Model. Human Biology, 83(4), 531-559.
Luczywek, E. E., Gabryelewicz, T. T., Barczak, A. A., Religa, D. D., Pfeffer, A. A., Styczynska, M. M., & … Barcikowska, M. M. (2007). Neurocognition of centenarians: neuropsychological study of élite centenarians. International Journal Of Geriatric Psychiatry, 22(10), 1004-1008. doi:10.1002/gps.1780
MacDonald, M., Martin, P., Margrett, J., & Poon, L. (2009). Correspondence of perceptions about centenarians’ mental health. Aging & Mental Health, 13(6), 827-837. doi:10.1080/13607860902918249
Merriam-Webster online dictionary. (2012). Merriam-Webster Unabridged Dictionary.Springfield Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster, Incorporated.
Michels, K. B. (2003). Nutritional epidemiology – past, present, future. international Journal of Epidemiology, 32(4), 486 – 488.
National Institute of Health. (2006, October). Secrets to a Longer, Healthier Life. Retrieved from http://newsinhealth.nih.gov/pdf/NIHNIH%20October2006.pdf
Newnham, d. (2009). Outside ln. Nursing Standard, 23(33), 24-25.
Pinquart, M. (2003). Differences in caregivers and non-caregivers in psychological health of physical health: a meta-analysis. Psychology and Aging, 18, 250 – 267.
Popkin, B. M. (2003). Patterns and trends in food portion sizes, 1977 – 1998. JAMA, 289(4), 450– 453.
Shimonaka, Y. (1996). Personality, longevity, and successful aging among Tokyo Metropolitan
centenarians [Abstract]
Richmond, R. L., Law, J., & Kay-Lambkin, F. (2011). Physical, Mental, and Cognitive Function in a Convenience Sample of Centenarians in Australia. Journal Of The American Geriatrics Society, 59(6), 1080-1086. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03404.x
Robine, J., & Saito, Y. (2003). Survival Beyond Age 100: The Case of Japan. Population & Development Review, 29(s1), 208-228.
Roughead, E., Kalisch, L., Ramsay, E., Ryan, P., & Gilbert, A. (2010). Use of health services and medicines amongst Australian war veterans: a comparison of young elderly, near centenarians and centenarians. BMC Geriatrics, 1083.
Tyrovolas, S., Tountas, Y., Polychronopoulos, E., & Panagiotakos, D. B. (2011). The Implications Of Nutrition Services Within The Health Care System On The Quality Of Life And Longevity, In Developed Countries: A Re-Analysis Of 38 Studies. Central European Journal Of Public Health, 19(1), 13-19.
Willcox, D., Willcox, B. J., & Poon, L. W. (2010). Centenarian Studies: Important Contributors to Our Understanding of the Aging Process and Longevity. Current Gerontology & Geratrics Research, 1-6. doi:10.1155/2010/484529
Yagi, T., Kosakai, A., Ito, D., Okada, Y., Akamatsu, W., Nihei, Y., & … Suzuki, N. (2012). Establishment of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Centenarians for Neurodegenerative Disease Research. Plos ONE, 7(7), 1-7. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041572
Zeng, Y. (2010). Resilience significantly contributes to exceptional longevity. Current gerontology and geriatrics research

Research studies have highlighted that issue of exceptional health and longevity has undergone gradual transformation nutritionally (Newnham 2009). This transformation has been evident in the six areas of exceptional health (infant mortality cancer screening and management cardiovascular disease diabetes HIV infections/AIDS and immunizations) to a more westernized diet (Richmond et al 2011).

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These areas with the nutrition transition also have the presence of other risk factors that could easily shorten the exceptional survival. These include lack of exercise and increased smoking that leads to obesity.

Posted on | by Simon KN

These areas with the nutrition transition also have the presence of other risk factors that could easily shorten the exceptional survival. These include lack of exercise and increased smoking that leads to obesity..

Here is a copy of response from chair to last iteration, with last effort below the chair comments. I want the entire prospectus rewritten professionally, and halfway acceptable:Date : Tue, Oct 23, 2012 08:26 PM CDT
From : Michael Schwab <Michael.Schwab@waldenu.edu>
To : Herbert Jamieson <herbert.jamieson@waldenu.edu>
Hi Herbert:

I have reviewed your latest draft of the prospectus and appreciate the work
you have done to improve the line of logic. However, it’s clear to me that you
need more help with your writing, especially in constructing your argument
around these various concepts – regions of longevity, health of centenarians,
reasons for longevity and the role of diet. Clarity here is essential in
establishing the nature of the problem and the gap in the literature.

We have four options here, and I’d like you to consider them all.

First, please ask for an appointment with a Walden librarian, and get some
coaching on using databases to research a topic.

Second, go the Writing Center and ask for help with the logic in your
prospectus, starting with the first two paragraphs of your latest draft.

Third, consider hiring a writing tutor. There are some excellent ones
connected to the Writing Center, and they could save you a lot of trouble.

Lastly, I strongly encourage you to attend a Dissertation Intensive, where you
can receive extended in-depth help with all aspects of writing a dissertation.

I want to see you succeed, and believe that these additional aides could help
you do that.

MS

Michael Schwab, Dr. P.H.
Core Faculty
School of Health Sciences
Walden University

REWRITE FROM SCRATCH. Put approval button on the next attempt. You guys are becoming less professional!This is totally unacceptable!
Prospectus October 23
New Prospectus, October 22, 2012
Problem
This study will seek to interview existent centenarians in an effort to find out the secret behind their long lives. Interviewing of these centenarians will primarily be in the areas that have the reputation of people with low disabilities. It is imperative to point out that these are the same areas that have a similar low level of frailty. One factor to this reasoning is the increase in Western diets which are known for their contributions towards chronic ailments. In the recent past, most areas have done away with the indigenous foods and replaced them with these new arrivals. According to some studies, areas with the most centenarians do not have any frailty or disability at all. This has prompted researchers like Thomas Perls to conclude that the reason behind their long lives lies behind the lack of this disability (NIH 2006). The problem lies in that it is almost impossible to determine whether these indigenous foods have anything to do with the centenarians and their exceptional survival since there is little information regarding these diets. In fact, the existent knowledge on these diets is disappearing fast. Therefore, it is still unclear as to whether the traditional dietary patterns have any contribution to the long survival of the centenarians (Robine & Saito 2003).
Background of the problem
In the recent past, Western diets have overwhelmed the traditional diets in most areas that were using the latter. Research indicates that majority if the population that depends on the western diets is much prone to diseases and frailties than those with the traditional diets. This can be generalized to represent the wholesome health of these individuals and not just the disabilities. In a period spanning the last three generations, there has been a significant trend in the course of the degenerative diseases. This is also noticeable in these areas of longevity and exceptional
survival. The effects of this transition have been profound with more cases of infant mortality and cardiovascular diseases (Arakawa et al 2005). This has also seen an increase in the reported cases of cancer screening, diabetes and HIV/AIDS (DeMeester et al 2010). These areas with the nutrition transition also have the presence of other risk factors that could easily shorten the exceptional survival. These include lack of exercise and increased smoking that leads to obesity. Therefore, it is a combination of the Western diets, smoking and a negative perception towards exercise that leads to an increase in the degenerative diseases and thus shorter lives.
The effect of food on health is clearly evident in the types of risks that people face in their lives. Majority of the western diets are well known for their chemicals and cholesterol that could lead to high risks of acquiring some diseases. A characteristic amongst centenarians is that they do not have cases of heart diseases and diabetes. It is also clear that these centenarians do not have cases of obesity (DeMeester et al 2010). The region famed for majority of the centenarians is in the Asian continent, specifically in Japan (Freeman et al 2010). However, subsequent research on the area showed that there could have been flaws in this earlier assumption. As much as nutrition is a factor that can be attributed to this long existence, most centenarians do not attribute their long lives to it. In fact, most centenarians are of the belief that positive attitudes and close links to families could be their secret to long survival and not necessarily the nutrition and genetics link (Freeman et al 2010).

Centenarians experience long lives and exceptional health characteristics by the essence of their nutrition (Zeng, 2010). By definition, Centenarian refers to an individual who lives up to or above one hundred years of age. This study seeks to address the problem of premature mortality because of degenerative disease with reference to the Centenarians. The study also seeks to address the explanation of healthy Centenarians, which have been elusive, and mystery to the research literature (Luczywek et al, 2007).
Research studies have highlighted that issue of exceptional health and longevity has undergone gradual transformation nutritionally (Newnham, 2009). This transformation has been evident in the six areas of exceptional health (infant mortality, cancer screening and management, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, HIV infections/AIDS, and immunizations) to a more westernized diet (Richmond et al, 2011). The infant mortality is the expression of the statistical rate of infant deaths in the first year of birth in relation to the 1000 live births in a given area. Diabetes is the presence of excess or high level of sugar in the blood system. Cancer screening and management is the attempt to detect cancer and apply appropriate measures in dealing with the problem. Cardiovascular disease is an infection that affects the functionality of the heart and the blood system. Immunization refers to the act of preventing the occurrence of an infection through the administration of a vaccine. The main effect of this transformation is evident in the development of clinical biomarkers of degenerative disease. Over 2-3 generations, there has been a shift in diet and rising degenerative disease in these areas. This is because of adoption of nutritional system of the short-lived counterparts and practice of other common activities such as minimal exercising and smoking (Cress et al, 2010).
Problem Statement
The problem statement is to establish the existence of Centenarians in the six areas (Sardinia, Okinawa, Japan, Guanacaste Peninsula, Costa Rica, Bima Yao, and Nicoya, Costa Rica). This would be in relation to the type of diet they feed on hence the prolonged existence.
Purpose Statement
The purpose statement is to offer accurate answers to the research questions and research problems derived from the study.
Significance of the Study
Achieving the purpose of the study is significant to nutrition, gerontology, and public health fields, as it would answer purposely why public health has deteriorated with the nutritional transformation to a westernized diet across the globe. It would not perform this purpose, but it might aid our understanding of what centenarians have consumed in their lives, and to what degree that diet was a result of their prolonged existence (Yagi et al, 2012).
Qualitative Research design
The study will apply the administration of questionnaires and interview activities to a sample of Centenarians. The research will seek to unveil what the Centenarians consume, dietary history, and the contribution of the dietary on longevity and exceptional health. The research design will also focus on the absence of degenerative diseases and presence of improved public health (Willcox et al, 2010).
Population
The study would focus on prominent areas that portray enormous numbers of Centenarians. These areas include the island called Sardinia, Okinawa, Japan, and the Guanacaste Peninsula Costa Rica concentrated in the area around Nicoya, Costa Rica.
Research Questions
The study would seek to answer the following question. What diet do centenarians eat? In order to effective answer the question, the study would adopt the use of the sub-questions below.
1. To what do centenarians in Costa Rica attribute their long life?
2. What do these centenarians eat now?
3. What kinds of seasonal fluctuations in diet were there over the decades?
4. What were the agricultural patterns in which their diet was embedded?
5. What social changes have caused a change in diet over the last fifty years?
6. Which foods do you they consider healthiest?
7. What specific traditional diets lead to the greatest longevity?
8. Do the centenarians consume processed food at any point of their lives? If yes, indicate why?
9. What is the proportion of fruits, vegetables and ethno-botanicals in the diet of centenarians?
10. What is the appropriate food composition of a diet according to the centenarian?
Theory
The study would adopt the need of the conceptual framework with the ability to view explanation of the findings. This is the act of applying theoretical lens to offer extensive view of the study in an objective way. The conceptual framework would aid the essence of communicating the results of the study to the viewers or other researchers. Conceptual framework is also crucial in illustration why research is executed in the form of choice. In this study, the conceptual framework would offer accurate explanation of the methodologies and research questions towards the achievement of results.
Assumptions and Limitations
The assumptions of the study indicate that centenarians are exceptionally healthy and live long because of that diet, lifestyle, social networks, local environmental factors, and genetic predispositions (McDonald et al, 2009). The study will assume that the overriding factor in relation to the exceptional health and long lives by the Centenarians is the diet. The health of human beings is determined by what is consumed. This offers ideal assumption towards execution of the study. Local environment also plays a critical role in the exceptionally healthy Centenarians. The level of adaptability to the environment is vital to the health of an individual hence the assumption by the study (Michels et al, 2003).
Limitations may include other factors causing exceptional longevity that may not include nutrient consumption patterns. Such factors might include evasion of smoking habits, execution of daily physical exercises, and genetic properties. The study will note examine these features effectively thus minimization of the ability of the experiment to generalize the findings. The other limitation in relation to this research is the size of the population. Future Centenarians would voluntarily engage in the study thus minimization of the sample size.
Expected Findings
Some of the indigenous fruits and vegetables do not exist in the western diet. High utilization of fiber particularly from cereals results into a noteworthy mortality decrease in individuals. Fiber in beans, fruits, nuts, whole grains and vegetables lessens LDL cholesterol levels, guarantees optimal glucose levels in the blood system and eases bowel movements (Chung et al, 2010). Consumption of large amounts of vegetables and fruits leads to fulfillment, and one benefits from the fiber. Equally, processed food and fried junk food predisposes one to obesity. Obesity surpasses smoking in accelerating the aging process.
The fruit and vegetables are nutrient dense and low caloric always associated by a caloric limitation diet. The foods are low in the constitution of glycerin. Hydration has the capacity to consist of water that is heavy in calcium hydroxide and/or other minerals. The area in Guanacaste Peninsula in Costa Rica has extremely high calcium hydroxide content in a region where many centenarians live, because of the local limestone. However, an exceptionally healthy area in northern Sardinia possesses a granite base, without limestone. This environmental factor cannot be explained. The individuals experiencing exceptional longevity records high percentage rates to exist within these areas (Popkin, 2003).

References
Arakawa, M., Miyake, Y., & Taira, K. (2005). Hypertension and stroke in centenarians,
Okinawa, Japan. Cerebrovascular Diseases (Basel, Switzerland), 20(4), 233-238.
Chung Shil, K., Mee Sook, L., Se In, O., & Sang Chul, P. (2010). Discovery of Novel Sources of Vitamin B12 in Traditional Korean Foods from Nutritional Surveys of Centenarians. Current Gerontology & Geratrics Research, 1-11. doi:10.1155/2010/374897
Cress, M., Gondo, Y., Davey, A., Anderson, S., Seock-Ho, K., & Poon, L. W. (2010). Assessing Physical Performance in Centenarians: Norms and an Extended Scale from the Georgia Centenarian Study. Current Gerontology & Geratrics Research, 1-6. doi:10.1155/2010/310610
DeMeester, F., Zibadi, S., & Watson, R. R. (2010). Modern dietary fat intakes in disease promotion. Totowa, N.J: Humana.
Freeman, S., Kurosawa, H., Ebihara, S., & Kohzuki, M. (2010). Understanding the oldest old in northern Japan: An overview of the functional ability and characteristics of centenarians. Geriatrics & Gerontology International, 10(1), 78-84. doi:10.1111/j.1447-0594.2009.00550.x
Hillman, J. (1997). Clinical psychologists’ judgments of older adult patients with character pathology; Implications for practice [Abstract]. the international Journal of aging human development, 28(2), 179-183.
Iannitti, T., & Palmieri, B. (2011). Inflammation and Genetics: An Insight in the Centenarian Model. Human Biology, 83(4), 531-559.
Luczywek, E. E., Gabryelewicz, T. T., Barczak, A. A., Religa, D. D., Pfeffer, A. A., Styczynska, M. M., & … Barcikowska, M. M. (2007). Neurocognition of centenarians: neuropsychological study of élite centenarians. International Journal Of Geriatric Psychiatry, 22(10), 1004-1008. doi:10.1002/gps.1780
MacDonald, M., Martin, P., Margrett, J., & Poon, L. (2009). Correspondence of perceptions about centenarians’ mental health. Aging & Mental Health, 13(6), 827-837. doi:10.1080/13607860902918249
Merriam-Webster online dictionary. (2012). Merriam-Webster Unabridged Dictionary.Springfield Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster, Incorporated.
Michels, K. B. (2003). Nutritional epidemiology – past, present, future. international Journal of Epidemiology, 32(4), 486 – 488.
National Institute of Health. (2006, October). Secrets to a Longer, Healthier Life. Retrieved from http://newsinhealth.nih.gov/pdf/NIHNIH%20October2006.pdf
Newnham, d. (2009). Outside ln. Nursing Standard, 23(33), 24-25.
Pinquart, M. (2003). Differences in caregivers and non-caregivers in psychological health of physical health: a meta-analysis. Psychology and Aging, 18, 250 – 267.
Popkin, B. M. (2003). Patterns and trends in food portion sizes, 1977 – 1998. JAMA, 289(4), 450– 453.
Shimonaka, Y. (1996). Personality, longevity, and successful aging among Tokyo Metropolitan
centenarians [Abstract]
Richmond, R. L., Law, J., & Kay-Lambkin, F. (2011). Physical, Mental, and Cognitive Function in a Convenience Sample of Centenarians in Australia. Journal Of The American Geriatrics Society, 59(6), 1080-1086. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03404.x
Robine, J., & Saito, Y. (2003). Survival Beyond Age 100: The Case of Japan. Population & Development Review, 29(s1), 208-228.
Roughead, E., Kalisch, L., Ramsay, E., Ryan, P., & Gilbert, A. (2010). Use of health services and medicines amongst Australian war veterans: a comparison of young elderly, near centenarians and centenarians. BMC Geriatrics, 1083.
Tyrovolas, S., Tountas, Y., Polychronopoulos, E., & Panagiotakos, D. B. (2011). The Implications Of Nutrition Services Within The Health Care System On The Quality Of Life And Longevity, In Developed Countries: A Re-Analysis Of 38 Studies. Central European Journal Of Public Health, 19(1), 13-19.
Willcox, D., Willcox, B. J., & Poon, L. W. (2010). Centenarian Studies: Important Contributors to Our Understanding of the Aging Process and Longevity. Current Gerontology & Geratrics Research, 1-6. doi:10.1155/2010/484529
Yagi, T., Kosakai, A., Ito, D., Okada, Y., Akamatsu, W., Nihei, Y., & … Suzuki, N. (2012). Establishment of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Centenarians for Neurodegenerative Disease Research. Plos ONE, 7(7), 1-7. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041572
Zeng, Y. (2010). Resilience significantly contributes to exceptional longevity. Current gerontology and geriatrics research

These areas with the nutrition transition also have the presence of other risk factors that could easily shorten the exceptional survival. These include lack of exercise and increased smoking that leads to obesity.

Place this order or similar order and get an amazing discount. USE Discount code “GET20” for 20% discount

Order your Paper Now