Chapter 8: The Rise and Demise of State Socialism
1. In state socialist societies:
a. all forms of property are owned and controlled by the state
b. the state controls the means of economic production and manages the economy
c. a form of social Life very close to Marx’s conception of socialism prevails
d. all of these
2. Chase-Dunn and other world-system theorists regard the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe as:
a. socialist, but not exactly as predicted by Marx
b. post-revolutionary societies” that are neither capitalist nor socialist
c. socialist in much the sense envisioned by Marx
d. semi peripheral parts of the capitalist world-economy
3. Szymanski’s position on contemporary state socialism differs from Chase-Dunn’s:
a. only on certain minor points
b. in that Szymanski regards the state socialist societies as largely embodying the Marxian conception of socialism
c. in that Szymanski is a Marxist
d. in that Szymanski is much more conservative
4. In the disagreement between Szymanski and the world-system theorists regarding the nature of state socialism, Sanderson and Alderson:
a. take a Largely middle-ground position that inclines somewhat toward the world- system position
b. support the world-system position
c. support Szymanski
d. support neither Szymanski nor the world-system theorists
5. According to Sanderson and Alderson:
a. there has been no socialist world-economy comparable to a capitalist world- economy
b. the Soviet Union has acted like a “socialist core” and exploited its “socialist periphery” in Eastern Europe
c. the socialist nations have reflected patterns of economic specialization similar to those within world capitalism
d. none of these
6. The so-called socialism of Scandinavia:
a. departs radically from what Marx meant by socialism
b. is, economically speaking, more Like capitalism
c. is reformist rather than revolutionary
d. all of these
e. none of these
7. Chase-Dunn and other world-system theorists argue that the industrialized socialist states:
a. engage in commodity production for a world market and have extensive dealings with capitalist transnational corporations
b. form a separate socialist world-economy
c. are engaged solely in the production of use-values
d. are part of the capitalist periphery
8. Szymanski supports his view of the industrialized socialist states by arguing that:
a. they trade far more among themselves than with advanced capitalist states
b. they have made only very small investments in capitalist societies
c. the economic arrangements they make with capitalist nations are usually made on terms favorable to themselves
d. all of these
e. two of these
9. According to Chase-Dunn, the existence of the capitalist world-economy has:
a. not influenced the development of socialism in the state socialist societies
b. had a significant positive influence on the development of the state socialist societies
c. constrained the development of socialism in the state socialist societies
d. made the development of socialism impossible
10. Sanderson and Alderson attribute the transition to post-socialism to:
a. a shift in emphasis in the state socialist societies toward the production of consumer goods and, more generally, toward market socialism”
b. deteriorating economic conditions within the state socialist societies and the external constraints imposed on them by the capitalist world-economy
c. the production of an increasingly Large surplus by the state socialist economies and the desire of tower strata to share in this surplus
11. According to Kornai, one of the major underlying causes of the economic problems faced by the state socialist societies was the:
a. emphasis placed on the quality rather than the quantity of goods
b. practice of allowing prices to be determined by consumer demand
c. emphasis placed upon the production of consumer goods
d. practice of bureaucratic planning in the absence of market principles
12. Christopher Chase-Dunn has argued that socialist states within the capitalist world system tend either to be ________ by that system or ________
a. crushed; pulled back into line as capitalist states
b. co-opted; forced into isolation
c. peripheralized; brought into it as core societies
d. colonized; brought into it as semi-peripheral societies
13. The state socialist societies:
a. are genuinely classless as their Leaders have suggested
b. have social classes essentially like those found in capitalist societies
c. have social classes but of a sort rather different from those found in capitalism
d. have been so Little studied that the question of their possible classlessness cannot yet be answered
14. Which of the following constitute(s) important differences between the stratification systems of capitalist and state socialist societies?
a. the state socialist societies have a narrower range of income inequality
b. the dominant class in state socialist society is different in nature and composition from the dominant class under capitalism
c. the state socialist societies have higher rates of social mobility
d. all of these
15. Which of the following statements would Sanderson and Alderson regard as correct?
a. the Soviet Union was a more economically closed but politically open society than the United States
b. the Soviet Union was a more economically open but politically closed society than the United States
c. the Soviet Union was economically open to about the same extent as the United States
d. none of these
16. When the levels of income inequality in state socialist and industrial capitalist societies are compared, it appears that:
a. state socialist and industrial capitalist societies actually have similar levels of inequality
b. state socialist societies actually have higher Levels of inequality than industrial capitalist societies
c. state socialist societies have significantly Lower levels of inequality than industrial capitalist societies
17. Sanderson and Alderson argue that the Communist states of Eastern Europe should not be referred to as Marxist.” This is because these societies:
a. failed to abolish alienated labor
b. failed to create a classless society
c. failed to produce a highly democratic state
d. all of these
18. Which of the following have been characteristic of Communist regimes?
a. political purges and executions
b. prison camps filled with political prisoners
c. widespread famines as the result of agricultural policies undertaken by the state
d. ideological repression of the masses
e. two of these
f. all of these
19. The Communist regime that has been most closed to the rest of the world and the most vigorous in its ideological indoctrination of the masses was/is:
a. Nicaragua
b. Cuba
c. Poland
d. North Korea
20. Sanderson suggests that the collapse of Communism can best be characterized as the result of a:
a. “peoples revolution,” or uprising or rebellion on the part of the masses
b. “revolution from below” initiated by a small segment of the disenfranchised
c. “revolution from above” initiated by one segment of the elite against another
d. “revolution from outside” initiated by the Leading core capitalist powers
21. Which of the following were state socialist societies before 1989?
a. the Soviet Union, Poland, and Czechoslovakia
b. Sweden, Norway, and Denmark
c. West Germany, the Netherlands, and France
d. Ethiopia, South Africa, and Nigeria
22. According to Chase-Dunn, the existence of the capitalist world-economy has:
a. not influenced the development of socialism in the state socialist societies
b. had a very positive influence on the development of the state socialist societies
c. constrained the development of socialism in the state socialist societies
23. When the levels of income inequality in state socialist and industrial capitalist societies are compared:
a. state socialist and industrial capitalist societies actually have similar levels of inequality
b. state socialist societies have higher levels of inequality than industrial capitalist societies
c. state socialist societies have Lower Levels of inequality than industrial capitalist societies
24. Concerning the future of stratification in post-socialist societies, it is almost certain that:
a. economic disparities will virtually vanish
b. inequalities in income and wealth will grow as these societies become more capitalistic
c. common ownership of the means of production will end class distinctions
d. any economic disparities that exist should Level off and become rather trivial
25. According to Sanderson and Alderson, our best hope for a future society is Likely to be:
a. capitalism based on completely free markets
b. a global socialist system
c. a return to agrarian societies but with more emphasis on economic equality
d. capitalism with a human face,” as in northern European countries
Chapter 9: Economic Development and Underdevelopment
1. Sanderson and Alderson use the word undevelopment to refer to societies:
a. outside the context of a capitalist world-economy
b. surviving by agrarian or pastoral methods
c. that are even worse off economically than the underdeveloped countries
d. that are trying to develop to the eve of the worlds most technologically advanced nations
2. Underdeveloped countries are those that:
a. have backward-looking social values and attitudes
b. have Low levels of income inequality
c. have the lowest levels of economic and technological development in the contemporary world
d. are currently evolving in the direction of the old state socialist societies
3. Perhaps the best single indicator of a societies level of economic development is its:
a. per capita Gross Domestic Product
b. level of educational development
c. type of government
d. religious system
e. family patterns
4. Compared to the developed nations, the underdeveloped countries have:
a. significantly greater social and economic inequality
b. less social inequality since most people have few material resources
c. greater social inequality but less economic inequality
d. approximately the same level of social and economic inequality
5. Compared to the developed nations, the underdeveloped countries have:
a. slightly higher child mortality rates
b. markedly higher child mortality rates
c. child mortality rates that are approximately the same
d. child mortality rates that are impossible to measure
6. According to the modernization theorists, underdevelopment results from:
a. a society’s internal deficiencies, such as outmoded methods of business organization or backward-Looking attitudes
b. economic exploitation by more developed countries
c. repressive political regimes
d. geographical factors
7. According to Sanderson and Alderson, modernization theory’s concept of traditional society” is:
a. of questionable validity because it lumps highly diverse societies together
b. useful because it allows us to see just how such a society differs from a modern one
c. useful because it allows productive research into the problem of underdevelopment to begin
d. too new to be reliably assessed
8. Sanderson and Alderson claims that Rostow’s evolutionary interpretation of the causes of development and underdevelopment:
a. is more a description than an explanation
b. is one of our best theories
c. has been insufficiently appreciated by social scientists
d. will likely be the basis for even more powerful theories
9. In general, the modernization theorists have seen the solutions to problems of underdevelopment to lie in:
a. the withdrawal of the underdeveloped countries from the capitalist world- economy
b. the development of socialism
c. greater fiscal austerity on the part of Third World governments
d. greater contact between the underdeveloped countries and the developed world, especially in the form of greater capital investment and more diffusion of technology
10. Dependency theory roots the causes of underdevelopment in:
a. the dogmatism and antidemocratic attitudes of Third World political Leaders
b. unfavorable geographical conditions
c. the flirtation of Third World countries with socialism
d. foreign economic domination of Third World countries by the advanced capitalist societies of Europe and North America
11. Andre Gunder Frank’s classic concept of the ‘development of underdevelopment” suggests that:
a. development and underdevelopment are related as two sides of the same coin
b. the development of the advanced industrial countries has been greatly facilitated by the exploitation of the rest of the world
c. Wallerstein’s concepts of core and periphery are essential for understanding the problem of underdevelopment
d. all of these
12. Sanderson and Alderson discuss three historic forms of dependency since the beginnings of capitalism. These are:
a. economic, political, and social
b. colonial, financial-industrial, and new
c. colonial, neocolonial, and postcolonial
d. financial-industrial, multinational, and global
13. According to Sanderson and Alderson, economic dependency may produce underdevelopment through:
a. repatriation of profits
b. complicity between the elites of the developed and the underdeveloped countries
c. market conditions especially unfavorable to the underdeveloped countries
d. all of these
14. Samir Amin argues that foreign economic domination creates and perpetuates underdevelopment because it:
a. leads to economic disarticulation
b. leads to economic articulation
c. helps to maintain backward-looking values and ideals
d. fails to produce modern methods of business organization
15. Sanderson and Alderson argue that an important factor contributing to Japan being the first non-Western society to achieve the status of an industrial society was its:
a. religious values resembling Protestantism
b. Large size and low Level of population density
c. historical isolation from the capitalist world-economy for approximately two and a half centuries
16. The “new dependency” that Dos Santos speaks of involves the:
a. colonization of recapitalize regions by the most advanced Western countries
b. heavy investment of big capitalists in the worlds most backward regions for the purpose of extracting raw materials
c. extensive transnational investment in underdeveloped nations
d. increasing indebtedness of the underdeveloped nations to core banks and other Western financial institutions
17. Latin America is, compared to Asia and Africa:
a. at a higher stage of economic development
b. at a lower stage of economic development
c. at about the same stage of economic development
18. Latin American countries had gained their political independence by:
a. 1900
b. 1830
c. 1780
d. 1940
19. Between 1960 and 1980, income inequality in Brazil:
a. declined slightly
b. declined markedly
c. stayed about the same
d. increased
20. African countries were fully incorporated into the world-economy beginning:
a. in the late nineteenth century
b. in the Late eighteenth century
c. just before World War II
d. in the seventeenth century
21. Compared to other parts of the Third World, Africa:
a. is more economically developed
b. is Less economically developed
c. is more politically unified
d. is more culturally unified
22. World-system and dependency theorists blame Africa’s low level of economic development on:
a. colonialism and neocolonialism
b. political corruption
c. tribal conflicts
d. none of these
23. Which of the following quotes exemplifies the character of modernization theory?
a. “the US is a rich old uncle trying to teach his nephews the secret of success”
b. “a woman is just a woman, but a cigar is a good smoke”
c. “the US is a neocolonialist monster trying to bend the Third World to its will”
24. According to dependency theory, the first historical stage of economic dependency was:
a. neocolonialism
b. multinationalism
c. colonialism
d. none of these
25. The hard dependency theorists believe that economic dependency makes economic development:
a. difficult but not impossible
b. essentially impossible
c. easier than if no dependency existed
26. The soft dependency theorists:
a. have lost their battle against the hard dependency theorists
b. argue that under some conditions substantial economic development can occur even in economically dependent countries
c. have abandoned dependency theory and gone back to modernization theory
27. Research by James Mahoney shows that those areas of Spanish America that were most heavily and extensively colonized centuries ago are currently:
a. the most developed parts of Spanish America
b. the least developed parts of Spanish America
c. at about the same level of development as those areas that were least heavily colonized centuries ago
28. Peripheral and semiperipheral societies are ________ to exhibit democratization and political rights than core societies:
a. much more Likely
b. somewhat more likely
c. somewhat less Likely
d. much less Likely
Chapter 10: Globalization
1. The new international division of Labor or global capitalism” that has emerged in the context of globalization is one in which:
a. manufacturing has increasingly been relocated from the core to the periphery and semi periphery
b. skill-intensive work has increasingly been monopolized by peripheral countries
c. core countries have increasingly specialized in manufacturing, peripheral countries in agriculture and mining
d. labor-intensive work has been increasingly monopolized by the core countries
2. Which of the following is a good definition of globalization?
a. the tendency to a worldwide reach, impact, or connectedness of social phenomena
b. the widening, deepening, and speeding up of worldwide interconnectedness in all aspects of modern social Life
c. both of these
d. neither of these
3. The increasing integration of the world-economy through international production, finance, trade, and investment is a definition of _________ globalization:
a. economic
b. political
c. social
d. cultural
4. Growth in the number of international agreements, accords, and alliances defines ____ globalization:
a. Economic
b. political
c. social
d. cultural
5. The increasing harmonization of institutions, tastes, preferences, norms, and values on a world scale defines ________ globalization:
a. Economic
b. political
c. sociocultural
d. institutional
6. Which of the following is a good indicator of economic globalization?
a. an increase in the ratio of world trade to world economic output
b. an increase in the ratio of cross-border capital flows to world economic output
c. an increase in the flow of people across international borders
d. all of these
7. Which of the following is a good indicator of political globalization?
a. growth in the number of IGOs and INGOs
b. increased democratization in the Third World
c. an increase in the number of sovereign states in the world
d. all of these
8. A good indicator of sociocultural globalization would be:
a. changing fashions in New York and Paris
b. an increase in the number of actors and actresses who win academy awards
c. McDonald’s giving up the supersizing” of meals
d. the establishment of thousands of McDonald’s restaurants all over the world
9. Sanderson and Alderson argue that the globalization process as a whole is driven primarily by:
a. the continued expansion and evolution of the capitalist world-economy
b. new tastes and values
c. ideological changes
d. political changes
10. The primary target of the anti-globalization critics is:
a. the World Trade Organization
b. the Santa Barbara, California, Chamber of Commerce
c. the United States Congress
d. Ford Motor Company
11. Which of the following have been charges made against the World Trade Organization?
a. it places profits ahead of environmental concerns and human well being
b. it is undemocratic in its operations and procedures
c. it increases world inequality
d. all of these
12. On the positive side of the debate over globalization, it needs to be pointed out that:
a. life expectancy in the less-developed world increased from about 46 in 1960 to over 65 in 1997
b. infant mortality in the less-developed world declined from about 150 in 1960 to 57 or Less in 2000
c. there has been a decline between 1970 and 1997 in the absolute number of people in the world who are starving
d. all of these
13. Free production zones are:
a. regions within highly developed countries where the costs of production are so low that labor is practically free
b. geographical areas in Third World countries devoted to special economic activities that involve few restrictions on the use of Labor and where Labor is extremely cheap
c. production zones in state socialist societies where goods are produced that are given away to the public
14. Sanderson and Alderson argue that:
a. globalization will continue for decades to come without any reversals at all
b. there is nothing inevitable about continuing globalization and a reversal of the current globalizing trend could occur
c. globalization is about to burn itself out and will stop within the next ten years d. none of these
15. The original Club of Rome report on the environment issued in 1972:
a. was optimistic about environmental sustainability for the long-term future
b. predicted ecological disaster within twenty years if major changes in population growth and resource use were not made within 20 years
c. predicted severe ecological problems within the next 50 to 75 years if major changes in population growth and resource use were not made
d. was widely acclaimed and readily accepted
16. The second Club of Rome report, made by Meadows, Meadows, and Randers in 1992, used computer simulations of population growth and resource use. Their findings led them to conclude that the following had to be implemented within 20 years if an ecologically sustainable world throughout the 215t century were to be possible:
a. pollution controls
b. a more resource-efficient technology
c. every couple in the world limiting itself to two children
d. every nation in the world Limiting its industrial output to the Level of contemporary South Korea
e. all of these
17. Growth in the number of international agreements, accords, and alliances defines ____ globalization:
a. Economic
b. political
c. social
d. cultural
18. The increasing harmonization of institutions, tastes, preferences, norms, and values on a world scale defines ________ globalization:
a. Economic
b. political
c. sociocultural
d. institutional
19. Which of the following is a good indicator of economic globalization?
a. an increase in the ratio of world trade to world economic output
b. an increase in the ratio of cross-border capital flows to world economic output
c. an increase in the flow of people across international borders
d. all of these
20. Which of the following is a good indicator of political globalization?
a. growth in the number of IGOs and INGOs
b. increased democratization in the Third World
c. an increase in the number of sovereign states in the world
d. all of these
21. A good indicator of sociocultural globalization would be:
a. changing fashions in New York and Paris
b. an increase in the number of actors and actresses who win academy awards
c. McDonald’s giving up the supersizing” of meals
d. the establishment of thousands of McDonald’s restaurants all over the world
22. Sanderson and Alderson argue that the globalization process as a whole is driven primarily by:
a. the continued expansion and evolution of the capitalist world-economy
b. new tastes and values
c. ideological changes
d. political changes
23. The primary target of the anti-globalization critics is:
a. the World Trade Organization
b. the Santa Barbara, California, Chamber of Commerce
c. the United States Congress
d. Ford Motor Company
24. Which of the following have been charges made against the World Trade Organization?
a. it places profits ahead of environmental concerns and human well being
b. it is undemocratic in its operations and procedures
c. it increases world inequality
d. all of these
25. On the positive side of the debate over globalization, it needs to be pointed out that:
a. life expectancy in the less-developed world increased from about 46 in 1960 to over 65 in 1997
b. infant mortality in the less-developed world declined from about 150 in 1960 to 57 or Less in 2000
c. there has been a decline between 1970 and 1997 in the absolute number of people in the world who are starving
d. all of these
26. Free production zones are:
a. regions within highly developed countries where the costs of production are so low that labor is practically free
b. geographical areas in Third World countries devoted to special economic activities that involve few restrictions on the use of Labor and where Labor is extremely cheap
c. production zones in state socialist societies where goods are produced that are given away to the public
27. Sanderson and Alderson argue that:
a. globalization will continue for decades to come without any reversals at all
b. there is nothing inevitable about continuing globalization and a reversal of the current globalizing trend could occur
c. globalization is about to burn itself out and will stop within the next ten years d. none of these
28. The original Club of Rome report on the environment issued in 1972:
a. was optimistic about environmental sustainability for the long-term future
b. predicted ecological disaster within twenty years if major changes in population growth and resource use were not made within 20 years
c. predicted severe ecological problems within the next 50 to 75 years if major changes in population growth and resource use were not made
d. was widely acclaimed and readily accepted
29. The second Club of Rome report, made by Meadows, Meadows, and Randers in 1992, used computer simulations of population growth and resource use. Their findings led them to conclude that the following had to be implemented within 20 years if an ecologically sustainable world throughout the 215t century were to be possible:
a. pollution controls
b. a more resource-efficient technology
c. every couple in the world limiting itself to two children
d. every nation in the world Limiting its industrial output to the Level of contemporary South Korea
e. all of these
Chapter 11: Retrospect and Prospect: The Past 10,000 Years and the Next 100
1. Sanderson and Alderson have suggested that:
a. hunter-gatherers have generally had the Lowest standard of Living of all types of societies
b. the sharpest decline in the standard of Living in human history occurred with the emergence of agrarian societies
c. there has been a steady improvement in the standard of living with technological development
d. pastoralists enjoy a higher living standard than do the members of all other types of societies
2. The Low living standard of the peasantry in agrarian societies may generally be attributed to:
a. resource scarcity due to population pressure
b. class stratification
c. both of these
d. neither of these
3. Sanderson and Alderson believe that there has been an overall ________ in the quality of human work in the evolution from band and tribal to modern industrial societies:
a. improvement
b. b. decline
c. c. inconsistent trend
d. d. none of these
4. Economic inequality:
a. reached its height in agrarian societies
b. reached its height in the period of European colonialism
c. reached its height during the Industrial Revolution
d. is probably greater today, at Least at a world level, than at any time in human history
5. Chase-Dunn suggests that the best hope for avoiding major wars in the future lies in:
a. maintaining a balance between the major powers in terms of their nuclear capabilities
b. the success of Perestroika and Glasnost
c. multilateral nuclear disarmament
d. the creation of a world state
6. Sanderson and Alderson suggest that the kind of political structure that Chase-Dunn proposes for the future:
a. is attractive in principle but probably would not work
b. would not pose any particular threat to individual freedoms
c. is likely to be created before the start of the next projected war cycle
d. is so sensible that it is a wonder no one thought of it earlier
7. The tendency to use one’s own way of life as a standard for judging other cultures is called:
a. cultural relativism
b. cultural chauvinism
c. imperialism
d. ethnocentrism
8. The main reason that the EU came into existence was:
a. to create one single European state and culture
b. to allow Europe to become more competitive with the US and Japan in the world economy
c. to initiate action designed to create a single European Language
d. to form a bigger and better war machine
9. The largest and most rapid increase in the human lifespan occurred:
a. during the sixteenth century
b. after the Neolithic Revolution
c. after the development of agrarian societies
d. after 1900
10. Sanderson and Alderson argue that:
a. human progress has been occurring in most spheres of social life over the past 10,000 years
b. in all spheres of social life over the past 10,000 years the quality of human life has been going downhill
c. despite many forms of cultural regression over the past 10,000 years, it is still possible to talk about progress occurring in some respects
d. none of the above
11. The growth of individualism in the modern world is shown by the:
a. orientation of Western Legal institutions
b. emergence of the “human potential movement” and the “drug culture”
c. the recent “sexual revolution” and growing anti-authoritarianism of Western societies
d. all of these
12. The idea that all cultures are equally valid” is known as:
a. Ethnocentrism
b. cultural equality
c. cultural relativism
d. ethno equality
e. none of these
13. According to Sanderson and Alderson, the theory of justice espoused by philosopher John Rawls is:
a. probably the best moral theory developed so far
b. flawed beyond any reasonable repair
c. perfect and cannot be improved upon
d. subject to the same difficulties as cultural relativism
14. According to David Harvey, increasing globalization is leading to the psychological destabilization of individuals due to a phenomenon he calls:
a. time-space compression
b. the condition of post modernity
c. the coming anarchy
d. commodity intensification
15. Sanderson and Alderson suggest that a world-annihilating war is:
a. completely unbelievable
b. a very real possibility
c. very unlikely given new technological advances
d. very easily avoidable
16. Sanderson and Alderson predict that ________ will be the next hegemonic power in the world-economy:
a. the United States
b. Great Britain
c. Holland
d. The European Union
e. China
17. Ralls’s moral theory contains two basic principles, the first of which refers to Liberty. His second principle refers to social and economic inequalities and holds that these inequalities:
a. are never acceptable in any society
b. are justified if they are to everyone’s advantage
c. actually benefit society in many ways
d. none of the above
18. Sanderson and Alderson argue that modern capitalism, and even to some extent Third World capitalism:
a. meet Rawls’s principles fairly well
b. totally fail to meet Rawls’s principles
c. have no bearing on Rawls’s principles because those principles were intended to apply only to socialist societies
d. none of the above
Chapter 8: The Rise and Demise of State Socialism
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