The World Resources Institute estimates that more than 50 per centum of the Earth ‘s natural woods have already been destroyed ( Hermosilla 2000 ) . The United Nations Environment Programme ( 2009 ) states that “ woods cover 30 per cent of the planet ‘s entire land country. The entire forested country in 2005 was merely under 4 billion hectares ” As a consequence a United Nations study has stated that “ deforestation and forest debasement are widely recognized as one of the most critical environmental jobs confronting human society, with serious long-run economic, societal and ecological effects ” ( UN 1999 ) .

The causes of deforestation are widely debated and are attributed to many causes such as over population and urbanization such as new colonies and conveyance extensions ( Geist and Lambin, 2002 ) . However one of the chief causes of deforestation is attributed to agribusiness.

The ‘arc of deforestation ‘ along the southern and eastern extent of the Brazilian Amazon is the most active land-use frontier in the universe in footings of entire forest loss ” ( Morton et al, 2006 ) and “ Globally, the chief forest transition procedure in the humid Torrid Zones was the transmutation of closed, unfastened, or disconnected woods to agriculture ” ( Achard et al 2002 ) .

Deforestation originally occurred on a little graduated table degree due to subsistence agriculture or timber aggregation. However the Amazon rain wood has seen a recent addition in industrial agribusiness “ intensive mechanised agribusiness in the Brazilian Amazon grew by & gt ; 3.6 million hectares during 2001-2004 ” ( Morton et al, 2006 ) and this has been a important beginning of deforestation in recent old ages. “ In 2010 cowss are projected to be croping on some 24million hectares of Neotropical land that was one time forest in 2000 ” ( Wassenaar et al, 2006 ) .

Figure 1 shows the causes of Amazonian deforestation from 2000- 2005. The pie chart shows that cowss ranching, a portion of agribusiness is the chief cause of deforestation. Cattle ranching histories for 65-70 % of deforestation ; huge countries of land are cleared by commercial husbandmans to raise cowss ( for meat and dairy ) and to supply grazing land land for the cowss to crop. Furthermore another major cause of deforestation is little scale agribusiness by subsistence husbandmans. Subsistence husbandmans are doing deforestation because of hapless patterns ( Butler 2008 ) . Farmers burn the trees to unclutter them, and so over-exploit the land doing the dirt quality to worsen which consequences in the husbandmans holding to happen new land ( switching cultivation ) and therefore destruct more trees. In add-on authorities policies can take to deforestation. In Brazil the authorities allows husbandmans to claim a piece of unclaimed public land which they must utilize for over a twelvemonth ; and after 5 old ages they become the official proprietors of the land and so can sell it and claim new land ( Butler 2008 ) . In add-on population growing and subsequent nutrient demand is besides a cause for spread outing agribusiness.

Figure 1. ( Butler, 2008 )

However research has besides shown that agribusiness is non the chief cause or subscriber to deforestation. Alternatively the chief cause of deforestation if attributed to population growing, and its subsequent demand to happen new land for colonies to be built on. Myers, 1984 says that the chief ground for deforestation “ in the Torrid Zones is human population growing. In the African and Asiatic Torrid Zones, it is by and large associated with high rates of natural addition ( i.e. , high net rates of population growing due to high birthrate ) and, in the Amazon, it is assumed to be the high rates of in-migrationaˆ¦ followed by subsequent intergenerational high rates of natural addition ” .

In add-on another primary cause of deforestation, peculiarly Indonesia is the logging industry. The World Bank ( 2000 ) and WRI ( 2000 ) province that “ the taking cause of Indonesian deforestation in the 1990s has been large-scale commercial logging ” ( Palmer 2001 ) . Palmer ( 2001 ) continues to state that logging causes countries of wood to be cleared, “ leting entree to new countries of wood and as a consequence antecedently undeveloped forest, therefore leting other economic activities such as agricultural transition and switching cultivation to take topographic point ” . Consequently the logging industry can be seen as a major, if non the major subscriber to deforestation and non agribusiness.

Agribusiness has been linked to being a cause of desertification, nevertheless a assortment of other factors are besides causes of desertification and a combination or interaction of procedures leads to desertification. The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development defines desertification as “ land debasement in waterless, semi-arid, and dry sub-humid countries ensuing from assorted factors, including climatic fluctuations and human activities ” ( UNCCD, 1992 )

The UNCCD states that “ Desertification does non mention to the enlargement of bing comeuppances. It occurs because dryland ecosystems, which cover over one tierce of the universe ‘s land country, are highly vulnerable to over-exploitation and inappropriate land usage. Poverty, political instability, deforestation, overgrazing and bad irrigation patterns can all sabotage the productiveness of the land ” ( UNCCD 2005 ) .

Agriculture plays a big function in desertification, the over graze of land by animate beings peculiarly damaging to the dirt and is a major factor lending to desertification ; “ overgrazing is by all steps the principal cause of rangeland debasement ( Dregne and Chou, 1992 ) .A Over graze can happen by holding excessively many animate beings, or by non pull offing and commanding the animate beings croping activities ( Rayburn, 2000 ) . “ Overgrazing reduces works foliage countries, which reduces interception of sunshine and works growth.A Plants become weakened and have reduced root length, and the grazing land turf weakensaˆ¦ Overgrazing can increase dirt erosion.A Reduced dirt deepness, dirt organic affair, and dirt birthrate hurt the land ‘s future productiveness ” ( Rayburn 2000 ) . Darkoh ( 2006 ) high spots that overgrazing in North Africa has led to the desertification of land “ led to chair to terrible desertification of rangelands in waterless and semiarid zones of Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia ”

Furthermore it is non merely overgrazing that can take to dirty debasement and desertification. Poor farming techniques such as over development, and changeless harvest turning without a fallow field can take to degradation. “ Arid and semi-arid parts may ab initio back up agribusiness, but repeated cultivation often leads to a loss of a dirt ‘s foods and water-holding capacity. ( Global environmental Governance Project, 2009 ) . Over cultivation removes foods from the dirt which can take to the dirt going derogated and sterile, hence nil can turn on it which can take to dirty eroding. In add-on to this, hapless irrigation systems can take to salinzation of the dirt due to groundwater fade outing salts in the dirt. When vaporization takes topographic point, this leaves concentrated sums of salts in the dirt which are toxic to workss and therefore the land becomes wastes.

However agribusiness may non be a direct cause of desertification, it can be caused due to strike hard on effects of population growing and the subsequent increased demand for nutrient.

“ In Africa, a taking cause of desertification is human population force per unit area which leads to overuse and intensified emphasiss on the natural environment. Africa ‘s population has doubled in the past three decennaries to about 708 million ( 1994 ) and continues to spread out at a rate of some 3 per cent a twelvemonth. This means that Africa ‘s husbandmans must feed an extra 21 million people every twelvemonth ” ( Darkoh, 1998 ) .

Furthermore population addition can take to urbanization and more resources being demanded, such as fuel wood which is a common fuel in 3rd universe states ; deforestation is besides a primary cause of desertification as tree roots bind the dirt together, forestalling eroding. As a consequence population force per unit area has lead to the demand for intensive agribusiness which can take to desertification “ Increased population force per unit area on the fragile and vulnerable dirts of Africa ‘s dryland parts, leads to overuse of H2O, land, forest and grazing land resources through over cultivation, overgrazing and deforestation. These patterns hence constitute the principal menaces to the support of 1000000s of people. These are the first causes of dirt eroding, the rates of which in Africa are among the highest in the universe. ” ( Darkoh,1998 ) .

Agriculture plays a big function in deforestation and desertification, but it may non be the chief causes of both. Switching cultivation leads to deforestation as husbandmans move to new countries of land, frequently forests which need to be cut down so that the land can be used for agribusiness. In add-on over graze and cultivation every bit good as as hapless farming techniques and can take to desertification. However the existent cause of deforestation and desertification can be attributed to authorities policies and authorities misdirection. If authoritiess encourage husbandmans to seek out new land in the Amazon rain wood, and besides do non halt patterns of illegal logging. In add-on if authoritiess act in their ain economic involvements and publish policies that lead to environmental injury such as deforestation and desertification so it is non the patterns of its people and their techniques ( husbandmans ) that cause the harm to the planet, it is the effect of hapless, and frequently myopic, authorities policies seeking economic addition ; alternatively of turn toing the existent causes of the jobs of desertification and deforestation. In add-on many LEDC ‘s rely on agribusiness for economic growing ; therefore a balance needs to be met between economic development and sustainability.

Our Congress created the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) in 1969 in order to establish an environmental foundation for mankind. This policy endorses harmony between humans and the vast ecosystems surrounding them.

To obtain this goal and provide our future with resources as well, NEPA is separated into two titles. The first title declares the policy in detail while the second title focuses on the Council on Environmental Quality. The CEQ oversees the effectiveness of current methods, the reactions of the environment to those methods, and implements revisions as necessary.In Title I of NEPA, our government recognizes the immutable link between mankind’s dealings and the impacts on the environment.

People have an individual responsibility to the world around them. The Constitution assures us “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. ” However, “life” is undefined. We, as human beings, have the superiority to nurture and preserve all forms of life.

Transitions in population growth (or decline), urban spread, industry expansions and technological advances are critical in determining and modifying the ever-changing needs of the environment.Extensive research and planning with State and local government allows NEPA to anticipate, possibly even predict, an environmental disaster before it occurs. These measures are to insure the most beneficial use of our natural resources, to preserve our Nation’s history as well as encourage individuality, to search for improvements in recycling our resources and the discovery of new ones. These goals are sought after in a systematic manner to include the most recent available data that could promote or reject proposals for changes to the environment.

Upgrading environmental policies follows a strict path.It has to. We hold the delicate balance of Nature in our hands. A proposal to alter the current environmental status must state the anticipated impact of the change, any possible negative effects and proposed alternatives, short- and long-term uses of the change and any irrevocable use of resources.

Additionally, there must be consultations with any Federal agency that has jurisdictional law or “special expertise” with that particular environmental issue. The President, the CEQ, and the general public subsequently review the proposal. If a proposal has unresolved conflicts in any area it is not simply dismissed.Further study and research is done to try to rectify those areas.

Further, Title I looks to assist in worldwide endeavors to addressing environmental issues and concerns that are within the boundaries of US foreign policy. It also makes it possible for advice and information on the maintenance, enhancement, and restoration of the environment to be “available to States, counties, municipalities, institutions, and individuals. ” Lastly, this first section of NEPA insists on reviewing statutory limitations, administrative regulations, and current methods to continually conform to the goals of environmental well-being.It stands as a frequent supplement to existing environmental laws.

Title II of NEPA focuses on the Council on Environmental Quality. Their objective is to make sure that agencies dealing with the environment are compliant to NEPA and to keep the President aware of current and potential environmental issues. The chairman of the CEQ, appointed by the President, must furnish an annual Environmental Quality Report that provides the current conditions of terrestrial areas such as forests, wetlands, urban and rural surroundings, water life including marine, fresh water, and estuary habitats, and the quality of the air we breathe.Additionally, this report must include patterns depicting the quality, management, and utilization of resources and the reactions of the environment to them.

Each policy or law we (as a Nation) implement on the environment effects us on social, economic, and worldwide levels. The CEQ Report analyzes policies and regulations to further modernize our use of the environment. The sooner we are able to discover the cracks in our policies the more efficient we can become.In order for the CEQ to meet their obligations, they must consult with the movers and shakers of the science, agricultural and, industry and labor, and conservation fields as well as local and State governments.

The Council has affiliates with public, private, and individual organizations to accomplish two tasks: 1) to have the most complete, current, concise information on the status of the environment and 2) to avoid duplicating programs or policies already in existence. The remaining sections of Title II explain the distribution of salary and funds for improvement.The Council may employ up to ten specialists or experts to acquire the most advanced environmental statistics or data. Within these monies is an Office of Environmental Quality management Fund.

This fund’s purpose is to study and research potential agreements “jointly sponsored by the Office and one or more other Federal agencies. ” The Chairman of the CEQ oversees the distribution of the fund as well as sets the regulations to operate it. Overall, the implementation of NEPA has made it possible for everyone to be informed and participate in the discoveries and changes of the environment we’ve been blessed with.This has led to multinational concerns and efforts for improving our environment.

In September 1992, Canada, Mexico, and the US instituted a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU). It promotes joint environmental development and education throughout North America. Alliances such as this restore some faith that our environment matters to us. Not only what it provides us with but also the bounties it provides for animals and birds, trees and open land, fish and plants.

They have no tangible voice with two exceptions – the voice of a mankind that cares and the voice of extinction.

Analyze the impact of cultural, societal, legal, environmental, and/or nutritional factors contributing to health disparities..

Analyze the impact of cultural, societal, legal, environmental, and/or nutritional factors contributing to health disparities.

Science of Unitary Human Beings.

Introduction

Theorist – Martha E Rogers
Born :May 12, 1914, Dallas, Texas, USA
Diploma : Knoxville General Hospital School of Nursing(1936)
Graduation in Public Health Nursing : George Peabody College, TN, 1937
MA :Teachers college, Columbia university, New York, 1945
MPH :Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 1952
Doctorate in nursing :Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 1954
Fellowship: American academy of nursing
Position: Professor Emerita, Division of Nursing, New York University, Consultant, Speaker
Died : March 13 , 1994

Publications of Martha Rogers

Theoretical basis of nursing (Rogers 1970)
Nursing science and art :a prospective (Rogers 1988)
Nursing :science of unitary, irreducible, human beings update (Rogers 1990)
Vision of space based nursing (Rogers 1990)

Overview of Rogerian model

Rogers conceptual system provides a body of knowledge in nursing.
Rogers model provides the way of viewing the unitary human being.
Humans are viewed as integral with the universe.
The unitary human being and the environment are one, not dichotomous
Nursing focus on people and the manifestations that emerge from the mutual human /environmental field process
Change of pattern and organization of the human field and the environmental field is propagated by waves
The manifestations of the field patterning that emerge are observable events
The identification of the pattern provide knowledge and understanding of human experience
Basic characteristics which describes the life process of human: energy field, openness, pattern, and pan dimensionality
Basic concepts include unitary human being, environment, and homeodynamic principles

Concepts of Rogers model

Energy field

The energy field is the fundamental unit of both the living and nonliving
This energy field “provide a way to perceive people and environment as irreducible wholes”
The energy fields continuously varies in intensity, density, and extent.

Openness

The human field and the environmental field are constantly exchanging their energy
There are no boundaries or barrier that inhibit energy flow between fields

Pattern

Pattern is defined as the distinguishing characteristic of an energy field perceived as a single waves
“pattern is an abstraction and it gives identity to the field”

Pan dimensionality

Pan dimensionality is defined as “non linear domain without spatial or temporal attributes”
The parameters that human use in language to describe events are arbitrary.
The present is relative, there is no temporal ordering of lives.

Homeodynamic principles

The principles of homeodynamic postulates the way of perceiving unitary human beings
The fundamental unit of the living system is an energy field
Three principle of homeodynamics
Resonancy
Helicy
integrality

Resonance

Resonance is an ordered arrangement of rhythm characterizing both human field and environmental field that undergoes continuous dynamic metamorphosis in the human environmental process

Helicy

Helicy describes the unpredictable, but continuous, nonlinear evolution of energy fields as evidenced by non repeating rhythmicties
The principle of Helicy postulates an ordering of the humans evolutionary emergence

Integrality

The mutual, continuous relationship of the human energy field and the environmental field .
Changes occur by by the continuous repatterning of the human and environmental fields by resonance waves
The fields are one and integrated but unique to each other

Nursing Paradigms

Unitary Human Being (person)

A unitary human being is an “irreducible, indivisible, pan dimensional (four-dimensional) energy field identified by pattern and manifesting characteristics that are specific to the whole and which cannot be predicted from knowledge of the parts” and “a unified whole having its own distinctive characteristics which cannot be perceived by looking at, describing, or summarizing the parts”

Environment

The environment is an “irreducible, pan dimensional energy field identified by pattern and integral with the human field”
The field coexist and are integral.
Manifestation emerge from this field and are perceived.

Health

“an expression of the life process; they are the “characteristics and behavior emerging out of the mutual, simultaneous interaction of the human and environmental fields”
Health and illness are the part of the sane continuum.
The multiple events taking place along life’s axis denote the extent to which man is achieving his maximum health potential and very in their expressions from greatest health to those conditions which are incompatible with the maintaining life process

Nursing

Two dimensions Independent science of nursing
An organized body of knowledge which is specific to nursing is arrived at by scientific research and logical analysis
Art of nursing practice:
The creative use of science for the betterment of the human
The creative use of its knowledge is the art of its practice

Nursing exists to serve people.
It is the direct and overriding responsibility to the society
The safe practice of nursing depends on the nature and amount of scientific nursing knowledge the individual brings to practice…….the imaginative, intellectual judgment with which such knowledge is made in service to the man kind.

Rogerian theories-Grand theories

The theory of paranormal phenomena
The theory of rhythmicities
The theory of accelerating evolution

Theory of paranormal phenomena

This theory explains precognition, déjàvu, clairvoyance, telepathy, and therapeutic touch
Clairvoyance is rational in a four dimensional human field in continuous mutual, simultaneous interaction with a four dimensional world; there is no linear time nor any separation of human and the environmental fields

The theory of accelerating evolution

Theory postulates that evolutionary change is speeding up and that the range of diversity of life process is widening.
Higher wave frequencies are associated with accelerating human development

Theory of Rhythmicity

Focus on the human field rhythms (these rhythms are different from the biological, psychological rhythm)
Theory deals with the manifestations of the whole unitary man as changes in human sleep wake patterns, indices of human field motion, perception of time passing, and other rhythmic development

Theories derived from the science of unitary human beings

The perspective rhythm model (Patrick 1983)
Theory of health as expanding consciousness (Neuman, 1986)
Theory of creativity, actualization and empathy (Alligood 1991)
Theory of self transcendence (Reed1997)
Power as knowing participation in change (Barrett 1998)

References

George B. Julia , Nursing Theories- The base for professional Nursing Practice , 3rd ed. Norwalk, Appleton & Lange.
Wills M.Evelyn, McEwen Melanie (2002). Theoretical Basis for Nursing Philadelphia. Lippincott Williams& wilkins.
Meleis Ibrahim Afaf (1997) , Theoretical Nursing : Development & Progress 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Lippincott.
Taylor Carol,Lillis Carol (2001)The Art & Science Of Nursing Care 4th ed. Philadelphia, Lippincott.
Potter A Patricia, Perry G Anne (1992) Fundamentals Of Nursing –Concepts Process & Practice 3rd ed. London Mosby Year Book.

Science of Unitary Human Beings

Science of Unitary Human Being.

Introduction

Theorist – Martha E Rogers
Born :May 12, 1914, Dallas, Texas, USA
Diploma : Knoxville General Hospital School of Nursing(1936)
Graduation in Public Health Nursing : George Peabody College, TN, 1937
MA :Teachers college, Columbia university, New York, 1945
MPH :Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 1952
Doctorate in nursing :Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 1954
Fellowship: American academy of nursing
Position: Professor Emerita, Division of Nursing, New York University, Consultant, Speaker
Died : March 13 , 1994

Publications of Martha Rogers

Theoretical basis of nursing (Rogers 1970)
Nursing science and art :a prospective (Rogers 1988)
Nursing :science of unitary, irreducible, human beings update (Rogers 1990)
Vision of space based nursing (Rogers 1990)

Overview of Rogerian model

Rogers conceptual system provides a body of knowledge in nursing.
Rogers model provides the way of viewing the unitary human being.
Humans are viewed as integral with the universe.
The unitary human being and the environment are one, not dichotomous
Nursing focus on people and the manifestations that emerge from the mutual human /environmental field process
Change of pattern and organization of the human field and the environmental field is propagated by waves
The manifestations of the field patterning that emerge are observable events
The identification of the pattern provide knowledge and understanding of human experience
Basic characteristics which describes the life process of human: energy field, openness, pattern, and pan dimensionality
Basic concepts include unitary human being, environment, and homeodynamic principles

Concepts of Rogers model

Energy field

The energy field is the fundamental unit of both the living and nonliving
This energy field “provide a way to perceive people and environment as irreducible wholes”
The energy fields continuously varies in intensity, density, and extent.

Openness

The human field and the environmental field are constantly exchanging their energy
There are no boundaries or barrier that inhibit energy flow between fields

Pattern

Pattern is defined as the distinguishing characteristic of an energy field perceived as a single waves
“pattern is an abstraction and it gives identity to the field”

Pan dimensionality

Pan dimensionality is defined as “non linear domain without spatial or temporal attributes”
The parameters that human use in language to describe events are arbitrary.
The present is relative, there is no temporal ordering of lives.

Homeodynamic principles

The principles of homeodynamic postulates the way of perceiving unitary human beings
The fundamental unit of the living system is an energy field
Three principle of homeodynamics
Resonancy
Helicy
integrality

Resonance

Resonance is an ordered arrangement of rhythm characterizing both human field and environmental field that undergoes continuous dynamic metamorphosis in the human environmental process

Helicy

Helicy describes the unpredictable, but continuous, nonlinear evolution of energy fields as evidenced by non repeating rhythmicties
The principle of Helicy postulates an ordering of the humans evolutionary emergence

Integrality

The mutual, continuous relationship of the human energy field and the environmental field .
Changes occur by by the continuous repatterning of the human and environmental fields by resonance waves
The fields are one and integrated but unique to each other

Nursing Paradigms

Unitary Human Being (person)

A unitary human being is an “irreducible, indivisible, pan dimensional (four-dimensional) energy field identified by pattern and manifesting characteristics that are specific to the whole and which cannot be predicted from knowledge of the parts” and “a unified whole having its own distinctive characteristics which cannot be perceived by looking at, describing, or summarizing the parts”

Environment

The environment is an “irreducible, pan dimensional energy field identified by pattern and integral with the human field”
The field coexist and are integral.
Manifestation emerge from this field and are perceived.

Health

“an expression of the life process; they are the “characteristics and behavior emerging out of the mutual, simultaneous interaction of the human and environmental fields”
Health and illness are the part of the sane continuum.
The multiple events taking place along life’s axis denote the extent to which man is achieving his maximum health potential and very in their expressions from greatest health to those conditions which are incompatible with the maintaining life process

Nursing

Two dimensions Independent science of nursing
An organized body of knowledge which is specific to nursing is arrived at by scientific research and logical analysis
Art of nursing practice:
The creative use of science for the betterment of the human
The creative use of its knowledge is the art of its practice

Nursing exists to serve people.
It is the direct and overriding responsibility to the society
The safe practice of nursing depends on the nature and amount of scientific nursing knowledge the individual brings to practice…….the imaginative, intellectual judgment with which such knowledge is made in service to the man kind.

Rogerian theories-Grand theories

The theory of paranormal phenomena
The theory of rhythmicities
The theory of accelerating evolution

Theory of paranormal phenomena

This theory explains precognition, déjàvu, clairvoyance, telepathy, and therapeutic touch
Clairvoyance is rational in a four dimensional human field in continuous mutual, simultaneous interaction with a four dimensional world; there is no linear time nor any separation of human and the environmental fields

The theory of accelerating evolution

Theory postulates that evolutionary change is speeding up and that the range of diversity of life process is widening.
Higher wave frequencies are associated with accelerating human development

Theory of Rhythmicity

Focus on the human field rhythms (these rhythms are different from the biological, psychological rhythm)
Theory deals with the manifestations of the whole unitary man as changes in human sleep wake patterns, indices of human field motion, perception of time passing, and other rhythmic development

Theories derived from the science of unitary human beings

The perspective rhythm model (Patrick 1983)
Theory of health as expanding consciousness (Neuman, 1986)
Theory of creativity, actualization and empathy (Alligood 1991)
Theory of self transcendence (Reed1997)
Power as knowing participation in change (Barrett 1998)

References

George B. Julia , Nursing Theories- The base for professional Nursing Practice , 3rd ed. Norwalk, Appleton & Lange.
Wills M.Evelyn, McEwen Melanie (2002). Theoretical Basis for Nursing Philadelphia. Lippincott Williams& wilkins.
Meleis Ibrahim Afaf (1997) , Theoretical Nursing : Development & Progress 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Lippincott.
Taylor Carol,Lillis Carol (2001)The Art & Science Of Nursing Care 4th ed. Philadelphia, Lippincott.
Potter A Patricia, Perry G Anne (1992) Fundamentals Of Nursing –Concepts Process & Practice 3rd ed. London Mosby Year Book.

Science of Unitary Human Being

theory of the Science of Unitary Human Beings.

theory of the Science of Unitary Human Beings ( nursing theory )

Need it In APA style

In the attachments, my teacher notes on my previous work presentation PowerPoint

so I need

1- Improve my attached presentation with my teacher notes

2- make the APA style of theory critique through the attached guideline

Brief background of Martha E.Rogers

Martha Elizabeth Rogers (May 12, 1914 – March 13, 1994) was an American nurse, she was born in Dallas, Texas the oldest of four children

Martha E. Rogers, one of nursing’s foremost scientists

she completed her BS in public health nursing at George Peabody College 1937.

She earning both a master’s of public health and a doctor of science degree from Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland.

After graduation from Johns Hopkins, Rogers was appointed head of the Division of Nursing at New York University

Socio Political context during the time the theory was formulated

Martha Rogers’ development of the Science of Unitary Human Beings has become an influential nursing theory in the United States.

When first introduced it was considered radical, and difficult to understand, also it considered profound and was too ambitious but now is simply thought to be ahead of its time.

This conceptual framework has greatly influenced all facets of nursing by offering an alternative to traditional approaches of nursing.

THEORY DESCRIPTION

(1.1.1) Theory assumptions

The assumptions of Rogers’ Theory of Unitary Human Beings are as follows:

(1) Man is a unified whole possessing his own integrity and manifesting characteristics that are more than and different from the sum of his parts.

(2) Man and environment are continuously exchanging matter and energy with one another.

(3) The life process evolves irreversibly and unidirectionally along the space-time continuum.

(4) Pattern and organization identify the man and reflect his innovative wholeness. And lastly,

(5) Man is characterized by the capacity for abstraction and imagery, language and thought sensation and emotion.

(1.1) Structural Components

(1.1) Structural Component (continued)

(1.1.2) Concepts

The following are the major concepts and metaparadigm of Martha Rogers’ nursing theory:

A- Human-unitary human beings

A person is defined as an indivisible, pan-dimensional energy field identified by a pattern, and manifesting characteristics specific to the whole, and that can’t be predicted from knowledge of the parts. A person is also a unified whole, having its own distinct characteristics that can’t be viewed by looking at, describing, or summarizing the parts.

(1.1) Structural Component (continued)

(1.1.2) Concepts

B-Health

Rogers defines health as an expression of the life process.

It is the characteristics and behavior coming from the mutual, simultaneous interaction of the human and environmental fields, and health and illness are part of the same continuum.

The multiple events occurring during the life process show the extent to which a person is achieving his or her maximum health potential.

The events vary in their expressions from greatest health to those conditions that are incompatible with the maintaining life process.

(1.1) Structural Component (continued)

(1.1.2) Concepts

C-Nursing

It is the study of unitary, irreducible, indivisible human and environmental fields: people and their world. Rogers claims that nursing exists to serve people, and the safe practice of nursing depends on the nature and amount of scientific nursing knowledge the nurse brings to his or her practice

(1.1) Structural Component (continued)

(1.1.2) Concepts

D-Scope of Nursing

Nursing aims to assist people in achieving their maximum health potential. Maintenance and promotion of health, prevention of disease, nursing diagnosis, intervention, and rehabilitation encompass the scope of nursing’s goals.

Nursing is concerned with people-all people-well and sick, rich and poor, young and old. The arenas of nursing’s services extend into all areas where there are people: at home, at school, at work, at play; in hospital, nursing home, and clinic; on this planet and now moving into outer space.

(1.1) Structural Component (continued)

(1.1.2) Concepts

E- Environmental Field

“An irreducible, indivisible, pandimensional energy field identified by pattern and integral with the human field.”

F- Energy Field

The energy field is the fundamental unit of both the living and the non-living. It provides a way to view people and the environment as irreducible wholes. The energy fields continuously vary in intensity, density, and extent.

(1.1) Structural Component (continued)

(1.1.3) Propositions

Unitary human beings/environments are dynamic fields of energy.

A positive human/environment energy field decreases anxiety and tension in patients.

A nurse who identifies patterns of human/environment energy fields will provide individualized care.

(1.2) Functional Components

theory of the Science of Unitary Human Beings

What is Environmental Therapy?.

Environmental therapy is a large and diverse field of alternative medicine. At its core is the idea that a great deal of illness and poor health in the contemporary world results from environmental toxins. The techniques of environmental therapy, short of simply moving a patient to a different location, involve both detoxifying the body internally and cleaning up the environment externally.
Many people in today’s world have medical conditions associated by some with the modern environment itself. People who study environmental medicine identify these conditions as often resulting from an amorphous complex of toxins, allergens, stress, processed food, and other types of stimuli for which evolution has not prepared the human body. They attribute things like chronic allergies, chronic fatigue, asthma, fibromyalgia, and, unsurprisingly, sick building syndrome to these environmental factors rather than to a specific genetic deficit or parasite.
The primary means by which environmental therapy attempts to treat these conditions is detoxification. Different kinds of environmental therapists have different techniques for detoxification, some of which are more scientifically justified than others. A common type of approach involves clearing out the gastrointestinal tract with laxatives, enemas, and special diets intended to purify the body. It is acknowledged that these techniques can have side effects, including aches and fatigue.
The type of environmental therapy people receive depends in large part on the practitioner responsible for their treatment. There are some institutions, such as the American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine and the National institute of Environmental Health Sciences, which are closely associated with the mainstream medical and scientific fields. The New York University School of Medicine has had a Department of Environmental Medicine since 1947. It is also possible to receive environmental therapy from people who separate themselves from mainstream scientific and academic practice. Traditional Chinese medicine and homeopathy fall under the umbrella of environmental medicine.

Environmental therapy thus straddles the boundary between mainstream and alternative medicine. Unlike diseases produced by relatively obvious genetic causes, diseases resulting from environmental factors are extremely difficult to understand in a rigorously scientific way. The process of controlling experiments or collecting large data sets is thwarted by the particularity and diffuseness of the situations to which environmental therapy responds.

What is Environmental Therapy?

Environmental Bioethics Essay- Senior Final Exam Bioethics is the study of controversial ethics brought about by advances in science and technology. Bioethicists are concerned with the ethical questions that arise in the relationships among life sciences.

Environmental Bioethics Essay- Senior Final Exam Bioethics is the study of controversial ethics brought about by advances in science and technology. Bioethicists are concerned with the ethical questions that arise in the relationships among life sciences, biotechnology, the environment, resources, population growth, and politics. In this assignment you will examine both sides of assigned bioethical issues involving environmental sciences. You will write an opinion essay that takes an in-depth look into resources, antibiotic usage and land development. The information that has been learned and discussed in the past few weeks should help guide your thoughts and ideas as you develop this essay.

Environmental Bioethics Essay- Senior Final Exam Bioethics is the study of controversial ethics brought about by advances in science and technology. Bioethicists are concerned with the ethical questions that arise in the relationships among life sciences

Write a 3-4-page report in which you examine ways to reduce your environmental impact..

  Introduction Air

Air pollution is caused by a range of human activities, such as motor vehicle exhaust, industrial smoke, and the burning of coal and oil. It is responsible for many environmental health issues, such as aggravated asthma, and lung and heart disease. The Clean Air Act, originally introduced in 1963, and the Motor Vehicle Pollution Act of 1965 are designed to protect us from air pollution and have had to be updated many times since their inception. Although, regulations and enforcement take place on both local and national levels, most air pollution issues have global implications. As air pollution is carried by the wind, many of the effects of industrial pollution, such as acid rain are felt far away from the source. Water

Water quality is of even greater concern to human health. Without water, humans would survive only three or four days. Although seventy percent of the earth’s surface is covered with water, only one percent of that can be consumed by humans. Our water supply is jeopardized by rapid population growth, increases in municipal water consumption, global warming and drought, and increases in irrigation and pollution. Several federal statutes have been enacted to help protect our water supply. In 1972, the Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act prohibited the dumping of material into the ocean that would unreasonably degrade or endanger human health or the marine environment. In 1974, the Safe Drinking Water Act was enacted to ensure the quality of drinking water in the United States. In 1990, the Oil Pollution Act began requiring oil companies to clean up oil spills.

All of these laws have helped clean up and protect our water, but we must remember that water is not an unlimited resource. The treatment plants clean and recycle water and the hydrologic cycle recycles water for reuse, but we are not creating new water. We must care for what we have. According to the EPA, “The average American family of four uses 400 gallons of water per day. On average, approximately 70 percent of that water is used indoors, with the bathroom being the largest consumer (a toilet alone can use 27 percent!)” (2014). Considering ways to cut down on water use becomes more important as the demand increases. Land

Besides clean air and water, population and economic growth depend on the productivity of the land. Land quality differs from place to place; while soil should be a renewable resource, it can be degraded beyond reusability. Population growth and land degradation are related. Changes in farming practices have improved soil quality immensely in the U.S. because regulations have helped to make sure toxic substances are not dumped into the soil. It is essential to maintain soil quality both for food quality and to limit the potential for contaminated soil to pollute our water supply. Waste Management

The disposal of waste is a looming problem in the country. Landfills are slowly filling up, chemicals from the breakdown of wastes have entered the soil and the water, and few steps have been taken to change the throw-away mentality of our society. According to the Duke Center for Sustainability and Commerce (2014), the average person generates 4.3 pounds of waste per day. Further, waste disposal is one of the biggest expenses in city budgets. Improper disposal causes problems with vermin and insects and pollutes surface as well as groundwater. Individuals are often unaware of the special programs for disposing of hazardous materials, so these too end up in landfills. The management of waste is a public health problem that must be addressed seriously and soon. Polylactic Acid (PLA)

Plastics make up almost 13 percent of our municipal solid waste, with most of it coming from containers and packaging (such as drink containers, lids, and shampoo bottles) (U.S EPA, 2014). Plastic waste in our landfills and oceans has become a major issue in environmental and human health. 

Most of you have probably seen the new corn-based plastic, which is being used in more and more products such as take-out containers, water bottles, and cardboard boxes. This new plastic is made from a resin called polylactic acid (PLA). According to Ryote (2006), conventional plastic packaging requires about 200,000 barrels of oil a day in the United States. PLA is touted as the way to break away from petroleum packaging and save us from the mounting piles of plastic taking over landfills.

On the downside, PLA decomposition requires large-scale recycling. Specific microbes, specific levels of carbon dioxide and water, and specific temperature are needed. These facilities are very rare and most do not accept residential food scraps collected by municipalities. PLA causes problems for conventional plastic recyclers if it is mixed in, so they must now pay to remove it. There are also concerns that using corn in such a manner will continue to drive up food prices. Bisphenol A (BPA)

BPA is a chemical used in the production of certain plastics. The chemical is known to leach out of plastic into foods and liquids. Critics believe BPA acts as an estrogen mimic and disrupts brain development in utero and in newborns. BPA supporters say the risks are minimal and that research has not supported the need for a ban. Canada has banned BPA in baby bottles and even tougher restrictions have been proposed by the U.S. Senate. References

Duke Center for Sustainability and Commerce. (2014). How much do we waste daily? Retrieved from http://center.sustainability.duke.edu/resources/green-facts-consumers/how-much-do-we-waste-daily

Royte, E. (2006). Corn plastic to the rescue. Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved from http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/corn-plastic-to-the-rescue-126404720/?no-ist

United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2014). Indoor water use in the United States. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/WaterSense/pubs/indoor.html

United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2014). Plastics. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/materials/plastics.htm Demonstration of Proficiency

By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following course competencies and assessment criteria: Competency 2: Analyze the impact of contaminants in the environment to human health. Examine the impact of personal choice on environmental health. Competency 3: Apply personal and professional decisions based upon an understanding of environmental risks. Illustrate ways to reduce personal impact on the environment. Explain how to encourage others to make a change in the ways they impact the environment. Competency 4: Communicate effectively in a variety of formats. Write coherently to support a central idea in appropriate format with correct grammar, usage, and mechanics. Preparation

Please review the resources and assessment instructions. No extra preparation is required for this assessment. Instructions

For this assessment, in a 3–4-page report, examine the impact of your choices on the environment and consider positive changes you could implement.

Begin your report by explaining areas of your life in which your choices impact the environment. This list could be endless; choose to focus on 10 areas of impact. Then, choose five changes related to the areas you listed that you could implement in your life. Include at least one change relevant to each of the three main natural resources—air, water, and land (soil). For each of your five changes that you have chosen to examine, address the following: What is the financial cost or benefit of the change? What health benefits are associated with the change? What are the environmental benefits of this change? How does this change promote conservation of air, water, or land? What is the impact on your lifestyle if you make the change?

Finally, address the following in regard to your chosen changes overall: What message are you trying to convey? Highlight the main points you want to present. How do your personal choices affect environmental health? Include a reference to the information from at least two reputable sources that support your choices. What do other sources of information say about these concepts? Finally, explain how you could convince your friends and family that these changes are important. Additional Requirements

Use the APA Paper Template (linked in Resources: Pollution) to format your report. Written Communication: Written communication should be free of errors that detract from the overall message. Length: This report should be 3–4 pages in content length. Include a separate title page and a separate references page. Font and Font Size: Times New Roman, 12-point, double-spaced. Use Microsoft Word. APA Formatting: Resources and in-text citations should be formatted according to the current APA style and formatting. Number of Resources: You are required to cite a minimum of two scholarly resources. You may conduct independent research for resources and references to support your report. Provide a reference list and in-text citations for all your resources, using APA format. You may cite texts and authors from the Resources.

Write a 3-4-page report in which you examine ways to reduce your environmental impact.

Need an asssignment done for my Science college class. Need this done by August 2nd 2019 Labor day Tuesday..

There is a concern in your community regarding the environment. You’ve been tasked to research and present the concerns to your local or state government.

Perform an internet search to identify an instance of environmental pollution in your state.

Create a 5-to 8-slide PowerPoint® presentation or a 350-to 525-word proposal. Identify the effects of this pollution on human health and the environment. Explain the causes of this pollution. Recommend ways to prevent/clean up this type of environmental pollution. Include appropriate images.

Use at least 2 outside references.

Format your presentation and references consistent with APA guidelines.

Need an asssignment done for my Science college class. Need this done by August 2nd 2019 Labor day Tuesday.