3 Parts ASSIGMENTS. NO PLAGARISM

OWN WORD.

DETAILS

1) Write a short summary (minimun of 250 words) and review of a current environmental video or journal article (not a short news brief) related to a specific unit (1 per unit). The video must be at least 10 minutes long and the article must be at least a full page article such as you would find in a magazine or webpage. The full citation of the video or article must be included (proper format not just the URL).

Possible Topics for No. 1

** Environment and Society

** Science of Environmental Science

** Earth as an Environmental System

2) Write a short summary (minimun of 250 words) and review of a current environmental video or journal article (not a short news brief) related to a specific unit (1 per unit). The video must be at least 10 minutes long and the article must be at least a full page article such as you would find in a magazine or webpage. The full citation of the video or article must be included (proper format not just the URL).

Possible Topics for No. 2

** Atmosphere

** Hydrosphere and Biosphere

** Ecosystems and Biomes

3) Write a short summary (minimun of 250 words) and review of a current environmental video or journal article (not a short news brief) related to a specific unit (1 per unit). The video must be at least 10 minutes long and the article must be at least a full page article such as you would find in a magazine or webpage. The full citation of the video or article must be included (proper format not just the URL).

Possible Topics for No. 3

** Soil as a Resource

** Water as a Resource

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Complete a 2 -3 -page Reflection Paper, to include the following:
• Explain how the topic you chose is an environmental public health issue.
• Explain why people were, are, or should be concerned with this issue.
• Identify relevant aspects of exposure to the population within the community, including who is exposed and the potential for contamination of environmental media (food, water, air), and likely exposure pathways.
• Explain whether the concern arises from a precautionary approach or established risk assessments, and why.
• Consider your findings. Do you think that this is a major or a minor issue, and why? Are the public’s concerns justified or does it seem that many people are actually unaware or unconcerned? Do you see this issue as personally affecting you—why or why not? What did you know about this issue prior to this Assignment? Did your views about this issue change as a result of what you learned? If so, how?
• The paper must be 2–3 pages, double-spaced, not including references in APA.
• Be sure to cite your sources inside your paper, include your reference page at the end, and follow APA formatting throughout. Also have a cover page.
Module 1 Reflection Assignment Paper Rubric to grade this Assignment.
References
• Maxwell, N. I. (2014). Understanding environmental health: How we live in the world (2nd ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning, L.L.C.
o Chapter 1, “A Preview of Environmental Health (pp. 1–4)
o Chapter 2, “The Science and Methods of Environmental Health”
Section 2.1, “Understanding Environmental Hazards to Human Health” (pp. 9–52)
Section 2.2, “Responding to Environmental Hazards to Human Health” (pp. 52–62)
Section 2.3, “Precautionary Approaches in Environmental Health Policy” (pp. 63–66)
o Chapter 5, “Producing Manufactured Goods”
“Section 5.2, “Toxic Metals” (pp. 207–210)
• Articles for Discussion: There are two required articles for this module’s Discussion. The citations for these articles are posted in the Discussion Board area. You will need to retrieve the articles from the Walden Library.
• Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). (2014). Retrieved fromhttps://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/
• National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIH). (n.d.). Retrieved fromhttps://www.niehs.nih.gov/
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). (n.d.). Retrieved fromhttps://www.cdc.gov/niosh/about.html
• United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.epa.gov
• Document: Module 1 Reflection Paper Assignment Rubric (Word document)
Media
• Laureate Education (Producer). (2014b). Introduction to the Howard County Health Department [Video file]. Baltimore, MD: Author.
• Microsoft. (n.d.). Office support. Retrieved September 9, 2014, from https://office.microsoft.com/en-us/support/?CTT=97
• Audacity. (n.d.). Retrieved September 9, 2014, from https://audacity.sourceforge.net/
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Any environmental issue can be studied from a chemical perspective

Chemistry Project

The last four chapters of this course involve looking at the Earth, the air, and the water around us, as well as the energy that we utilize. These chapters relate the chemistry concepts that we have been learning to the natural resources around us and some of the issues related to these resources. It is important to understand the chemistry involved if we want to actually find solutions to the environmental issues that we face. This project will require you to look at an environmental or energy-related issue in more depth. You will apply some of the chemical knowledge that you have learned in this course but also look at the human impact, as science and the environment are intricately related to humans.

Any environmental issue can be studied from a chemical perspective

This project will be completed in 3 parts in place of our weekly Unit Activities. After the first two parts are completed, you will have the opportunity to go back and make changes before the final report is due to earn points back.

• Choosing the topic-
  • Avoid using too broad or generic topics like climate change/global warming, water or air pollution, or alternate sources of energy. Rather focus on some specific factors that could contribute to these issues. For example, choose some of the specific water contaminants like heavy metals and so on.
  • Also avoid choosing topics on the past events such as Flint Water crisis or Deepwater Horizon Oil spill etc. Instead, think the other way, cite these events as examples in your paper but avoid writing the entire paper on these disasters.
  • Since you would need to include the chemistry behind your topic, spend some time going through your chapters for Unit 4 and think about the topics that you could elaborate from chemistry perspective.

• Part 1 (Introduction)-
  • After choosing the topic, give it a proper title.
  • Write an introductory paragraph giving the topic you chose and explain why you chose this topic. Write a paragraph giving historical background information on what led to the issue.
  • Write a paragraph explaining why this is (or was) an issue. Include the resources that you used.

• Part 2 (Main body)-
  • This part should mainly focus on the chemistry of the issue. Explain the related chemistry and how the issue relates to what we have learned in class. Also, discuss things that have helped alleviate the issue or other things that could be possible solutions. Any environmental issue can be studied from a chemical perspective. In this part you want to discuss the properties of the elements or compounds that relate to your topic. If your topic involves any type of physical or chemical change you will want to show any relevant reactions. Another thing to discuss would be any energy changes that may be taking place. Talk about the topic from a chemistry perspective and do not elaborate too much on government policies, just a brief mention of that should suffice. Since each topic is unique, it is hard to give specific examples so please contact me if you need help with this part of the project.

• Part 3: The final part of the project is to focus on the impact on society of the issue you chose. When examining the impact that has been made on society, it is important to understand that “impact” can mean many things. For example, there may be an impact on people’s health and well-being, such as the increase in cancer for an area that was impacted by nuclear radiation. Normally there is some sort of negative impact on the environment, as it may affect animals or plants. It can impact quality of life if it makes a daily task harder, such as areas that cannot drink water and are forced to use bottled water. You can also look at the financial impact for the person, company, or community that now has to deal with cleanup or pollution issues. All the claims or research based statements that you mention, make sure you include the reference to back that up. For example, if you say studies have shown that every year…XYZ happens.., then include the reference for the study that you found.

Include a conclusion with your report.

• The Final Project should include all parts of the project in one document. The cover page should only have your name, title of your topic, and semester & year. The final document will be approximately 3 ½ – 5 pages excluding the cover page (12 pt font double-spaced).

Include AT LEAST 5 REFERENCES. Your book can be one of your references. Absolutely NO information from blogs or unauthenticated sites should be included in the paper.

• For references, do not copy & paste the links directly. You can use some free online sites such as EasyBib to convert links into proper format.
  • The reference in the main text should match with the ones given at the end. When including the reference in the main text, use (Last name of the first author, Year style). For example, (Chahal, 2010).

Important Note: The final paper must be written in your own words. Instructor are provided with technology tools to check if it is students’ own work. Any work copied from other sites will be considered plagiarism and will receive no credit.

Grading Rubric-

Please refer to the rubric below when writing your paper. I will use the same rubric to grade your project. This will give you an idea of what I expect and look for when grading.

CLONING: HAS SCIENCE GONE TOO FAR?INTRODUCTIONFor years the subject of cloning has captured the imaginations of authors, movie directors and much of the human population. Cloning is the prospect of creating an animal or even a person that is genetically identical to its “parent.” Until recently the subject seemed farfetched and fictional, because no one really realized how close we had actually advanced in cloning research. It was during February of 1997 that an embryologist, Dr. Ian Wilmut, announced the birth of a cloned lamb named Dolly. She was the first ever successfully cloned mammal from an adult cell. What Dr. Wilmut did was amazing. He took the DNA from a six-year-old ewe and fused it with the egg of another ewe after removing the second ewe’s own DNA. After fusing, the cell began to divide as would a regular embryo. The embryo was then implanted in a third ewe who only a few months later gave birth to Dolly 1 .

Upon news of this, many people began to question the possibility of not only creating genetically identical sheep, but humans as well. There has been much controversy on whether or not the cloning of humans as well as animals is ethical or even moral. Also there has been much discussion as to whether or not the benefits of cloning outweigh the dangers.

WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS IN CLONING RESEARCH?There is no doubt that Dr. Wilmut’s new discoveries have brought an uproar of excitement between not only the scientific community, but the general public as well. Groups such as farmers, surgeons and even environmentalists have shown various interests in cloning research.

The farming community has expressed much intrigue in cloning for the purpose of being able to reproduce copies of their best animals. For example, a dairy farmer would much rather be able to take his best dairy cow and recreate it by copying its DNA as opposed to breeding it and taking a chance that the calf would either be male or an unprofitable female2. Medical doctors have also been quite interested in the recent discoveries of Dr. Wilmut as well. Cloning research has brought them one step closer to the possibility of actually cloning organs. The advantages of this would be the ability to take someone’s DNA and use it to create a healthy and compatible organ to replace one that is failing3. A good example of this would be a heart transplant patient. Scientists would be able to create a heart within a laboratory setting and implant it into the patient.

Environmentalists have also jumped on the cloning “bandwagon.” There has been discussion of using cloning techniques in breeding endangered species which have trouble reproducing in captivity. Panda bears would be a good example of this. WHAT ARE THE DANGERS IN CLONING?There have been several objections that are related to the dangers in cloning animals as well as the possibility of cloning humans. There have been many scientists who do not believe that this research should be continued due to the dangers that it presents.

There were complications in the birth of Dolly. She was the only successful birth out of 277 tries within 29 different ewes4. All 276 of the remaining embryos died before they were born. As Dr. Colin Stewart, a noted embryolgist at the National Cancer Institute, was quoted as saying “…the high rate of spontaneous abortion suggests, cloning sometimes damages DNA. As a result Dolly could develop a number of diseases that could shorten her life5.” During a United States hearing concerning government funding for cloning research, Representative Vernon Ehlers of Michigan pointed out one danger in human cloning. ” ‘What if in the cloning process you produce someone with two heads and three arms.’ he said. ‘Are you simply going to euthanize and dispose of that person? The answer is no. We’re talking about human life6.’” Another factor to take into consideration is the psychological repercussions that a person may face if they were to be born as a clone. There may be certain pressures for them to be or act a certain way. Perhaps society might expect too much or even too little out of them because of whom from which they were cloned. Their entire individuality could get lost in the whole process as well, due to the mere fact that they are identical to the parent.

Aside from the dangers in cloning people, there are also dangers related to cloning farm animals as well. “Cloned animals, FitzGerald said, might sound appealing-scientists could clone the buttery Kobe beef cattle or the meatiest pigs, for example. But these cloned creatures would also share an identical susceptibility to disease, he cautioned. An entire cloned herd could be wiped out overnight if the virus swept through it7.” While it may seem more profitable to farmers to clone their animals, it actually could end up costing them more in the long run.

CONCLUSIONDO THE BENEFITS OUTWEIGH THE DANGERS?There is no doubt that the science of cloning has brought mankind further ahead than anyone ever thought possible. But is it worth the risks? The answer is no. Every benefit that cloning presents can be easily counterned by an even greater danger. Take the possibility of saving endangered species. If, for instance, we were able to save the entire Panda bear population by means of cloning, we would still be unable to provide them with the natural habitat that they need. Let us not forget that it is the diminishing environment from which they come that is to blame for their extinction. And while it would be great to save the Panda bear population, we should focus our efforts more towards the real reason for their extinction.

As stated earlier, there are many possible genetic deficiencies that can result from cloning. Now, taking into consideration that factor, would there really be much demand for consumers to buy products that come from possibly genetically deffective animals? Of course not. If anything people would more likely stick to meat or dairy products that were produced in a natural environment.

Undoutedly, the most beneficial result that cloning can present is the ability to create organs. But, we must realize the risk involved as well. There would most likely be a great many failures before there were to be even one success. And there is no substantial evidence that this would even be possible. So the risk seems to greatly outweigh any possible benefit.

The risks involved in cloning people as well as animals are of a much greater magnitude than many people realize. Our society needs to begin weighing in the dangerous consequences before making any solid conclusions, because cloning may wind up costing us much more than we bargained for. NOTES1. Gina Kolata, “Scientist Reports First Cloning Ever of Adult Mammal,” New York Times Online, February 23, 1997, 1 (www.nytimes.com)2. J. Madeline Nash, “The Age of Cloning,” Time Magazine, March 10, 1997, Vol. 149, No.10, 1 (www.time.com)3. Kolata, “Scientist Reports First Cloning Ever of Adult Mammal,” 34. Nash, “The Age of Cloning,” Vol. 149, No.10, 35. Nash, “The Age of Cloning,” Vol. 149, No.10, 36. Katharine Q. Seelye, “Congressman Offers Bill to Ban Cloning of Humans,” New York Times Online, March 6, 1997, 17. Kolata, “With Cloning of a Sheep, Ethical Ground Shifts,” New York Times Online, February 24, 1997, 3Kass, Leon R. and James Q. Wilson. The Ethics of Human Cloning Washington, D.C.: The AE Press, 1998Kolata, Gina. “Scientist Reports First Cloning Ever of Adult Mammal.” New York Times Online (www.nytimes.com), 23 February 1997Kolata, Gina. “With Cloning Sheep, Ethical Ground Shifts.” New York Times Online (www.nytimes.com), 24 February 1997Nash, J. Madeline. ” The Age of Cloning.” Time Magazine (www.time.com), 10 March 1997Sleeye, Katharine. “Congressman Offers Bill to Ban Cloning of Humans.” New York Times Online (www.nytimes.com) 6 March 1997

Christianity And Environmental Ethics

Introduction

            According to the Christian faith, in the beginning God created the Heavens and Earth. God later created Man and Woman in his own image, blessed them and ordered them to multiply and subdue the Earth. Over time, Humans in pursuit of a better life have degraded the Earth. Increase in population has adversely strained Earths resources. After the demise of Christ, the Church embarked on Evangelization, aimed at preaching the Christian doctrine to the whole world.

The initial paragraphs of this paper will focus on Africa where the spread of Christianity though based on moral and spiritual enlightenment, brought about economic and technologic advances, the root of Earths Environmental crisis. Man, having dominated the entire Earth, has the Ethical obligation to preserve the environment for future generations. This paper will discuss, Christian Evangelization; Its Impact on the Environment.

At the dawn of the 20th century Christian missionaries embarked on rapid evangelization of Africa; then viewed as the ‘dark’ continent. Africa was rich in both flora and fauna. As a leading scholar once aptly put it; – Missionary enterprise is so intimately related to the political movement on the one hand and to the commercial undertaking on the other, that its history cannot be accurately traced without continued reference to both (Du Pleisis, 1929). The Christian missions in Africa though sincere in their endeavors for spiritual nourishment introduced new farming methods and crops, all aspiring to develop the new lands.

 Large tracts of land were cleared which was detrimental to the existing ecosystems. Unknown to the Christian evangelists the indigenous African tribes had co-existed harmoniously with their environment. According to an observant Italian Missionary writing on the Kikuyu tribe in East Africa; – Belief in ‘Ngai’ (God), the Ancestors, the spirit of God in the world of the living and the unborn, in the animal, vegetation and inanimate world was paramount to the well being of the entire community(Bottignole, 1984-p34).

It is well to note from the above discourse that massive de-forestation in Africa occurred at the advent of Christianity. The doctrine of the church during the colonization period heavily borrowed from the New Testament ;( Mark 16:15) – Go into the world and preach the Gospel to the whole creation. During this period the different Christian denominations were scrambling for new converts and many were won through baptism. Evangelism missions were only aimed at the people and this was at the expense of the ecosystems. In West Africa, it emerged that; – the missionaries encouraged their adherents to openly disobey the laws of the Land which did not conform to Christian ethics (Ekechi, 1972-p36).

Today the African continent lays bare and broken after decades of dire environmental exploitation by Western Countries, who invaded the continent through the protection of Christian Evangelism. A Cleric and writer warns us before it is too late; – Countries must agree together on a ceiling to the material standard of living that is possible if we are to keep some kind of ecological balance which is compatible with the well-being of the human species (Montefiore, 1969-p62). It is humans who can tame nature as witnessed in an African community which believes;-All creation is at the service of man: the Earth and its fruits, the animals, the Sun and the rain, the rocks and the rivers (Bottignole, 1984).

The words from the Old Testament (Genesis 1:28);-fill the Earth and subdue it, rule over the fish of the sea and the birds of the air and over every living creature that moves on the ground; seem to echo the words of the African Sages as recorded by the writer Silvana Bottignole. Anthropologist Monica Wilson after studying communities in Southern Africa was also of the following opinion; – In Africa, there has been a keen awareness that the sin of the Fathers are visited on the Children, and that a breach of obligations may bring disaster on all (Wilson, 1971-p138).

The African beliefs and the words from the Old Testament places Man as the supreme caretaker of Earths resources, Man is also created in the image of God, so it is appropriate to say; Man is God on Earth. Nevertheless, it is written, Man was created after Heaven and Earth were in place, thus we might as well conclude; the purpose of Humans is to steward the Earth and preserve it in its original form; which is; as it is written in Genesis 1:31;- God saw all that he had made, and it was very Good.

The fall of Man in the third Chapter of Genesis, was due to disobedience in the management of the Garden of Eden. A breach of obligations brought banishment from the Garden which was sacred to God. As a Good Creation of God, the Earth is also sacred and its desecration would be catastrophic to man. Accordingly, God awarded Man the privilege of Dominion over other creations but the onus to steward the Earth in the desired direction lies solely at our peril. The Old Testament has served Christianity well as a good reference point on environmental ethics.

In the 21st century Christian evangelization has not withered, the New Testament Gospels are the sources of modern indoctrination. In the book of Luke 12:23, it is written; -life is more than food, and the body more than clothes. This sounds reassuring to Environmentalists who might feel Man has exhausted the available Earths resources. This dogma also eases the stress of those aspiring for materialism. Research today indicates the changing needs of people; individual emphasis is on the quality of life, a shift from personal economic growth and consumption (Inglehart, 1996).

  Saint Francis of Assisi, canonized by the Catholic Church and who lived in the 10th century embraced the presence of God in both animals and vegetation. In a popular homily he said; -If you have men who will exclude any of God’s creatures from the shelter of compassion and pity, you will have men who deal likewise with their fellow men. Treating nature with empathy as Francis of Assisi did, definitely brings Man closer to creation, thus saving us from the wrath of God’s ire.

Contemporary Christian evangelists should borrow a leaf from Saint Francis of Assisi and enlarge the boundaries of the community to incorporate flora, fauna and other natural features. Humans will henceforth be obliged to treat other communal members with respect. Others will beg to differ and feel offended to be equated to plants and animals for as Luke 12:24 states; And how much more valuable you are than birds!

Christianity should hence accommodate the divergent views as concerns the environment for as one scholar wrote; – The Church must always and everywhere set before Man the highest standard she knows in conducting the truest forms of worship and creed. But she must be very slow indeed to enforce them even by the threat of confining her worship to those who comply (Kirk, 1932-.p469)

Modern evangelism should shepherd believers to be responsible stewards of our environment. The greatest threat to our environment comes from pollution. Today pollution can be found in the air, water, soil which all gradually trickles to our human bodies, often causing both short term and long-term irreversible devastating effects. This did not escape the attention of Hugh Montefoire who lamented; – Technological revolution has enabled Humans to exploit the resources of the World as never before; and this has been done on the basis of profitability without regard for posterity. The drive has been, comfort and convenience, health and happiness all accompanied by terrifying waste (Montefoire, 1969.-p19)

As the economic toil and grave for economic prosperity abates. Human are tempted to fully exploit the environment. This exploitation that has been going on over the centuries has had adverse environmental side-effects. Many pressure groups around the globe have been formed to assert pressure on their governments to take preemptive steps to stop this massive exploitation. Though, the dissenting voices on environmental issues have been gaining popularity and momentum over the decades- as people witness the effects of climate, and the future projections painting a gloomy picture.

The book of Revelation has provided contemporary Christian evangelism with the impetus to root for environmental ethics. In Revelation 16, this chapter paints a gloomy picture of God’s wrath against humans. The verses in light of our environment’s future have a terrible and immediate relevance. Man can redeem the consequences of environmental desecration for reading through a collection of essays edited by A.J.Ayer Pemberton there is still hope, for he reckons; – If the capacity for evil is human nature, so also is the capacity for good ( Pemberton, 1968).

Population explosion worldwide is a major stain on the existing resources. Science has offered choices on ways to limit population increases, some of which have been vehemently opposed by Christian communities. Revisiting the words of Montefoire; – The population of the world needs to be brought to a level which reduces psychological strain and physical malnutrition (Montefoire, 1969-p62)

 To many Christians, artificial birth control is singled out as contrary to natural law since it prohibits and inhibits the natural function of human production. It has been noted that; – Worldwide, evangelical Christians are more often than not in the front position of dissent against sex education in public school systems, and are highly critical of the global family planning pressure groups (Palmer 1993).

For Christianity to harmonize with modern trends, the Church needs to accommodate new methods of placing a check on Human birth rate. It is a theology scholar who aptly wrote; – The shepherd’s staff and not the tyrant’s sword must be Christianity’s true weapon. The whole flock is to be led into the fold, not the few rushed into it whist the many are left at their fate (Kirk 1932-p469). It is without doubt that Humans today form their ethical opinions based on religious justification. Christian evangelism conducted with zeal can mobilize adherents to steward nature in a desirable direction.

            The influence of Christian evangelism to achieve environmental ethical reforms is the most practical tool of all, even if not seen as such. Max Oelschlaeger commenting on the social scene in the US wrote; -The idea that religion might give environmentalism political potency should not be dismissed out of hand. Religion has played a crucial role in national affairs time after time. The black civil rights movement was a development of the stories of Sinai and the Promised Land, of American slavery and liberation, of suffering and triumph, of evil surroundings and potential virtue in the activities of the black community and its allies (Oelschlaeger, 1991).

            Different Christian denominations have approached the environmental ethics debate in diverse ways. In his book Donald Worster asserts; – Protestantism has in fact provided an important spawning ground for environmental reform movements, historically individuals with Protestant backgrounds did play a critical role in shaping America’s mode of environmentalism. There are also a number of suggestive affinities between Protestantism and aspects of, ever green environmental ethic (Worster, 1993).

           Protestantism and Environmentalist can be said to share a relatively pessimistic view of the world, one in which man is wicked and has committed multiple sins. For Protestants, the sins are against God and for ‘ever green’ environmentalists they are against nature. For the former, the aftermath of this sin is eternal torment; for the latter it is the impending destruction of the ecosystem.

           Both share a fundamentally apocalyptic visualization. Thus if we maintain our present behaviors and values we are doomed. It is only by radically changing our ways which include both our behaviors and our ethics – that we can probably be redeemed. The perception by Protestant reformers that we live in a depraved world filled with sinners bent on their own destruction is echoed in much of contemporary ‘ever green’ environmental rhetoric.

            The model of abstinent restraint in Protestantism emerged as a reaction to the luxurious extravagance seeking ways of the Medieval Church, a deep suspicion of self- indulgence and excessive spending and a strong bias in favor of self-discipline. This sensibility proved conducive to commercial accumulation, but it can equally be made to serve an environmental ethic. It finds one contemporary expression in recycling – an essentially ascetic activity which requires continual vigilance and considerable self discipline. For many citizens recycling represents a quasi-religious ritual, one which expresses one’s virtue and comforts the soul (Bailey, 1995).

            Research conducted in the mainly Protestant countries of UK, US and Germany revealed that; -the claim that preserving limited resources is a moral duty, the ecologists’ attack on laying up earthy riches, may indeed be a residue of the Puritan ethics that once dominated much of this heartland. And whatever the degree of internationalization of environmental issues, it is these countries that have been foremost in seeing problems, proposing solutions, reaching accords (Bramwell, 1994).

 The Protestant faith is said to be a morally rigorous religion, one which places a high significance on steadiness: thus if something is morally incorrect, one should not do it. Its all-encompassing sense of morals relates it to the ‘ever green’ environmentalism, namely the belief of individual moral liability. For both Protestantism and ever green environmentalism, the common person bears some responsibility for the destiny of the human race.

The Protestant concept of stewardship finds its contemporary expression in an environmental politics which makes each person answerable for both nature and the fate of the earth. This has witnessed a committed indulgence on environmental issues in ever green countries coupled by a high level of public interest. The three western countries are resolved on nature protection and the global dimensions of environmental ethics.

         A leading American politician now-turned to spearheading the ‘ever green’ crusade worldwide, Al Gore, roots for the environment to be the principle theme in all aspects during the 21st century. In his best selling book, Earth in the Balance, Gore documents the ills of pollution, global warming, and deforestation and states; – Unless we find a way to dramatically change our civilization and our way of thinking about the relationship between humankind and the earth, our children will inherit a wasteland ( Gore, 1992).

          Mr. Gore highlights his basic Christian thinking and outlines an eco-theology concept, which he develops to embrace all of the world’s faiths in pointing to the necessity for a moral change to weather the environmental crisis.

As the name of the Christian denomination spells; – Protestant, it is widely viewed as a moderately egalitarian faith, founded on the correlation between God and self. This religious democracy elucidates the sturdy relation between the Protestant faith and democracy (Hadenius, 1992). We thus can conclusively say the foundation of the democratic ideals of society can be readily stretched out to include the theory of the rights of the environment: if people are equal in God’s eye, then so are natural features like trees and rivers.

Within the Protestant Churches they are devoid of rituals and symbols, it holds that Protestantism may aptly favor the idea that nature ought to hold spiritual importance. Recalling from the pages of Worster’s book; -God’s excellence, his wisdom, his purity and love appear in everything, in the sun, moon, and stars; in the clouds and blue sky; in the grass, flowers, and trees; in the water, and all nature (Worster, 1993). Maybe nature can provide us with a spiritual awakening.

Evidence presented in this discussion shows that Christianity has played a defining position in environmental ethics. Alternatively, Christian evangelism is an appropriate scapegoat for problems associated with environmental degradation. The most famous piece of writing linking Christianity to environmental ruin is by Lynn White who in 1967 wrote; – The Historical Roots of Our Ecological Crisis, which was published in Science Magazine. Lynn White, a Historian of the medieval era argued that the influence of Judeo-Christian theology encouraged the domination of humans over the earth. He pointed out the advances in European agriculture methods which exploited nature for the worse.

             In recent times the biggest setback environmentally dynamic Christians have had with their fellow believers is lethargy towards conservation and that continues to be the most serious problem. Apathy towards environmental concerns is also typical of the society in general, and so it is not astonishing to find it alive and well in Christian thinking and practice.

            However, there is a rising Christian anti-environmentalism, which also claims to have biblical support for their ideals. Within the Evangelical realm the most vocal proponent of anti-environmentalism is E.C. Beisner who cites bible verses encouraging procreation and dismissing population explosion as a problem, he writes;- countries should not discourage fertility and Christians count it as a blessing to be fruitful while multiplying (Beisner, 1990).

            The anti-environmentalist’s take on natural resources is summarized by Beisner’s assertion; – Man, never the environment, is primary. If the environment is to be protected, such protection is for the sake of man, not for its own sake otherwise all else is idolatry of nature (Beisner, 1990).In the US mainstream social scene, The Wise Use Movement is an American organization which is vehemently anti-environmental and can be said to support Beisner’s views. The movement is financially supported by the American Freedom Coalition an affiliate of Sun Myung Moon’s Unification Church.

            It is significant to review the findings of various researchers on Christianity and their relation to the environment issues. In Great Britain’s social attitudes survey, it was revealed that atheists are more likely to be domineering towards nature as opposed to Judeo-Christians (Hayes, 2001).

            Conservative faiths have also been found to be most prone to preach the dominion doctrine while the liberal denominations demonstrated a weak positive connection between church attendance and environmental concern.

Conclusion

            The impact of Christian evangelization across continents has defined the way humans relate to the environment. In Africa, evangelization did adversely affect the existing flora and fauna. Before the arrival of missionaries, indigenous people had co-existed harmoniously with their habitat. It is apt to borrow the words of Calvin B. Dewitt who said; -Planning and control of resource use should be left to the owners of the resources. This assertion proves evangelization in Africa is the cause for the depletion of the once abundant natural resources.

            The scriptures of the Bible can support divergent views on the subject of Christianity and Environmental ethics. God’s dominion mandate in the book Genesis 1:26-28, can be argued to mean everything in the world was created to serve Humans. Other schools of thought will beg to differ and quote Genesis 2:15, where Man was directed to care of the Garden of Eden and alternatively all of God’s, good creations.

            Science reports today have painted a depressing portrait on the future of Human civilization and our environment. In the Third world countries population growth has topped alarming proportions, straining the available resources. The developed world though with negative birth rates has not fared better. Western economies are in the forefront of depleting the ozone layer. The major emitters of greenhouse gases are located in the developed nations.

            After creation was complete, the onus to name all the animal species was bestowed on Man. Unfortunately the beautiful and vast array of animal species placed on earth have virtually been wiped out due to encroachment of their habitat by Humans. Domesticated animals are reared to serve Humans and to earn profit, while land has been cleared to make way for Cities and Agriculture. Future generations will only read of the splendor which was once present on Earth. Christians should stand out and preserve the Environment for posterity.

            Christian Evangelism should formulate a unique theological theme which will bear a biblical truth to all aspects of the Environment in relation to the role of Humans. The variance between Christian Environmentalists and anti-environmentalists is a sad reflection of Human beings spiritual decadence.

 Biblical canons have obviously conferred Humans with the responsibility of; – Steward of God’s Good Creations. Arguments contradicting stewardship as the role of Man can only be termed as; -Disobedience. Contemporary Christian Evangelism will serve Humans well, when it impacts positively to Environmental Ethics.

References

1. Al Gore, (1992). Earth in the Balance: Ecology and the Human Spirit. Washington

              D.C.

2. Bottignole, s., (1984). Kikuyu tradition Culture and Christianity: Heinemann

               Education books.  Nairobi.

3. Beisner, (1990). Man, Economy, and the Environment in Biblical Perspective. Canon

               press.  Florida

4. Du Pleisis, J.,(1929). The evangelism of pagan Africa: Department of foreign affairs:

                N.p.  Cape Town.

5. Ekechi,F., K., (1972).Missionary enterprise & rivalry in Igboland 1851-1914. Frank

         cass. London.

6.Genesis, (N.d). The book of Genesis: Bible New International Version(NIV).

7. Hayes,( 2001).Great Britain’s social attitudes survey. N.p . London.

8. Luke, (N.d). The book of Luke:  Bible. New International Version(NIV).

9. Inglehart,R., (1996) The diminishing utility of economic growth: From maximizing

                security towards maximizing subjective well-being. Psychological Press.

10. Kirk, K., E., (1932).The vision of God. Longmans. London.

11. Montefiore, H., (1969). The question mark. The end of Homo-sapiens. Collins.

                London.

12. Mark, (N.d). The book of Mark. Bible. N.p. N.c

13. Oelschlaeger, 1991. Gastrointestinal and Endocrine Surgery. Gastrointestinal and

              Endocrine. Surgery. Chicago

14. Pemberton, A.,J., (1968).Consequences of environmental desecration. N.p. New York

15. Palmer, (1993). The Company of Strangers: Christians and the Renewal of America’s

              Public Life: Crossroad. New York,

This survey begins with a historical background of the environmental direction system in automotive industry. This is followed by a elaborate literature reappraisal of environmental direction system in automotive industry and its execution. Then, six instance surveies of car fabricating companies of changing sizes are analyzed and compared ; following are the chosen companies and their choice standards. Toyota, General Motors and Ford, were chosen because they are the current market leaders. Hyundai and Fiat were chosen because of their position as stable international companies who have been in the car concern for many old ages. Maruti Udyog Ltd, based in India, was chosen based on its growing potency and its position as comparatively new to the industry.

These six companies have been analyzed in footings of their acceptance of environmental direction system. The scrutiny of the industry as a whole and of some of the major participants in the industry provides a good model within which insightful decisions can be derived about the current province and hereafter of the automotive industry.

In the decisions and recommendation subdivision, we identify and describe properties of successful companies who are dedicated to accomplish the ends of environmental direction system.

New challenges, the study concludes with the recommendation subdivision, which provides a anticipation of the near-future success of each of the analyzed companies, different companies considered in this study: Toyota, Ford, General Motors, Hyundai, Fiat and Maruti. Of these companies, we conclude that Toyota seems to be keeping up the best. Toyota stands out as being best positioned for success in the close hereafter and dedicates itself to the full for environmental direction system, while GM, Ford and Hyundai will most likely continue to be successful. And although presently successful, it is much more hard to foretell the hereafter success of Maruti Udyog.

Chapter 4

WORLD CLASS ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

4.1 Introduction

Environmental direction system provides a model for the organisations to pull off their environmental personal businesss efficaciously. It can be described as a plan of uninterrupted environmental betterment that follows a defined sequence of stairss drawn from established undertaking direction pattern and routinely applied in concern direction. ( Cary C. & A ; Jennifer N. , 2001, p-1-5 )

An Environmental Management system aid to do environmental patterns more crystalline, so the organisation can streamline their client ‘ scrutinizing procedures and pass on to employees, direction and stakeholders, which is the pattern of sound environmental direction. ( Gil Friend, 2009 )

Writer farther stated that the quality of merchandises produced and delivered to the client and rating of influence, both of these merchandises and of activity carried out on the environment play a cardinal function in the universe free-market economic system. To fulfill the client demands in a uninterrupted manner, accomplishing good quality on a regular basis and attention of the environment give good economical consequences. This is non merely a individual accomplishment but uninterrupted repeats of earlier set quality degrees show that the company is technically competent.

From the last few decennaries work has been carried out to convey the concern patterns in conformity with environmental ordinances and other green thoughts. To accomplish the ends the direction has to reexamine the fabrication schemes and to optimize their utilizations of tools and resources. There are different direction doctrines which could be implement in the fabrication company to cut down wastes. ( John Cammell: 1992 )

World Class fabrication has been defined as blend of Just in clip ( JIT ) , entire quality direction ( TQM ) , employee engagement, preventative care patterns, computing machine integrated fabrication, strategic direction and other attacks. ( Flynn, Salakibara and Schroeder 1995 )

Like Just-in-Time, this has its beginnings in the Toyota Company in Japan. Originally it was referred to the production of goods to run into client demands, precisely in clip, quality and measure. But now it is closer to intend production with minimal waste. Here “ Waste ” is taken in its most general sense which includes clip and resources every bit good as stuff. JIT fabrication has the capacity, if adapted decently by the organisation, to beef up the administration ‘s fight in the market place significantly by cut downing wastes and bettering merchandise quality and efficiency of production. ( Yasuhiro Monden, 1993 )

In the beginning, many companies put together their ain system to run into the demands of a continually altering environment. As clip passed, dismaies began to sound around the issue of trade. In response to that The International Organisation for standardisation ( ISO ) start work with big figure of experts to make the 14000 series of ISO criterions for Environmental direction. These criterions are the continuity of ISO 9000 series for choice direction, released in September 1996.

The aim of ISO 14001 was to supply companies with a manner to incorporate planning, processes, operations, resources and duties in order to accomplish specified environmental aims.

EMS starts with a committedness by senior direction to develop a system which will pull off the company ‘s impact on the environment. These could be negative facets, such as emanations, natural stuff ingestion, energy ingestion and land usage, every bit good as good facets, such as energy production, environmentally friendly merchandises, and recycling. These senior direction should hold the proper apprehension of the EMS, if they have the proper apprehension so the workers who work under them should be good trained to cognize their duty in their countries and there should be appropriate communicating mechanisms to supply the necessary EMS information to the appropriate employee. ( Wilson and Sasseville p-64-75 )

Environmental direction system certification are the most of import portion, it gives consciousness to the employee about the demand of the system, how to accomplish the concern environmental marks and aims and to enable the rating of the system and environmental public presentation. The EMS paperss should include the environmental policy, aims, and marks, the manner by which environmental aims and marks can be achieved, description of cardinal functions, duties, and processs, the location of and agencies to recover certification and other relevant elements of the concern ‘s environmental direction system. The paperss system will necessitate periodic reappraisal, any needed alteration and blessing from the authorised authorization prior to publish. Keeping record and good certification certifies company ‘s grounds of fulfillment and its committedness to environmental virtue. ( Voorhees, toilet 1998 p-219 )

ISO 14001 besides require some exigency programs and process to unexpected or inadvertent incidents. And besides companies should make some process, to forestall or minimise the environmental impacts which rise from those incidents. After these incidents or exigency state of affairss, should maintain the record of each and every incident which will assist to forestall those sorts of incidents.

There is no packaged EMS exist for companies. It is the procedure to pull off the environmentally related elements of concern. It must be adopted harmonizing to companies demands and must be develop and implement in that mode that it works for company ‘s concern and the direction attack towards it.

For understanding the Environmental direction system, one should cognize the rules of ISO14001, An organisation should:

Specify its environmental policy and guarantee committedness to its EMS

Explicate a program to carry through its environmental policy

Develop the capablenesss and support mechanism necessary to accomplish its environmental policy, nonsubjective and marks.

Measure, proctor and measure its environmental public presentation.

Review and continually better its EMS, with the aims of bettering its overall environmental public presentation

4.2 The benefits of an EMS

Environmental direction system ( EMS ) is a systematic attack to the direction of all of the environmental facets of runing a concern, organisation or any entity that has impact on the environment. Puting up and running an environmental direction system ( EMS ) can supply important benefits across a figure of countries in concern. By economic point of position energy preservation and waste decreases are obvious. While concern point of position, by execution of an EMS non merely better environmental public presentation but besides tends to hold an impact on merchandise quality, hazard decrease, employee satisfaction, safety and wellness and other public presentation factors that make a company stronger and more competitory. Tracking assorted parts of the EMS is the most of import portion of the EMS, which enable direction to do rectification and take necessary action to forestall future jobs, Gary W. and Dennis ( 1996: 66-67 )

Chapter 5

CASE STUDY ANALYSIS

5.1 Toyota

5.1.1 History

Toyota Motor Corporation or Toyota in short, is a Nipponese car manufacturer. Toyota is the universe ‘s 2nd largest car manufacturer following General Motors ; nevertheless Toyota ranking is foremost harmonizing to its cyberspace worth, gross and net income. It is besides the lone auto maker to look in the top 10 of the BrandZ ranking. Toyota was founded in 1937 by Kiichiro Toyoda as a spinoff from his male parent ( Sakichi Toyoda ) ‘s company Toyota Industries to do cars. In 1934, while still a subdivision of Toyota Industries, it produced its first merchandise Type-A engine and its first rider auto ( the Toyota AA ) in 1936. It is headquartered in Toyota, Aichi and Bunkyo Tokyo, Japan. Toyota has the Financial Service division which provides fiscal services and besides creates automatons besides cars. The company along with the original Toyota Industries form majority of the Toyota Group. Toyota owns and operates Toyota, Lexus, and Scion, has a bulk shareholding in Daihatsu Motors, and has minority shareholdings in Fuji Heavy Industries, Isuzu Motors, and the engine, motor rhythm and Marine trade maker Yamaha Motors. The company includes 522 subordinates. Toyota Motor Corporation operates in the automotive industry worldwide. ( Matthias Holweg, 2006 )

Figure 5.1: U.S. market portions – May 2008

5.1.2 Tendencies in Toyota

The unbelievable consistent of Toyota ‘s public presentation is a direct consequence of operational excellence. Toyota has adopted operational as a strategic arm. This operational excellence is based in portion on tools and quality betterment methods made celebrated by Toyota in the fabrication universe, such as thin fabrication ( riddance of waste in every country of production including client dealingss, merchandise design, provider web and mill direction ) , Just in clip ( it is a method of waste riddance by which the stock list degrees are minimized ) , Kaizen ( uninterrupted betterment in fabricating procedure ) , one piece flow, Jidoka ( “ mechanization with a human touch ” it ‘s a quality control procedure ) and Heijumka. These techniques helped engender the “ thin fabrication ” revolution. But tools and techniques are no secret arm for seting into pattern these tools, it is the concern scheme based on its milieus of people and human inspiration, David M. ( 2007:163-170 )

Toyota adopted different doctrines in its fabrication system to cut down the wastes. Taiichi Ohno laminitis of Toyota Production System ( TPS ) said it even more exactly. “ All we are making is looking at the clip line from the minute the client gives an order to the point when we collect the hard currency. And we are cut downing that clip by taking the non value added wastes ( Ohno, 1988 ) ” . ( Jeffery K. Liker, 2006, p 54 )

Writer farther stated that Ohno regarded waste as a general term including clip and resources every bit good as stuff. He identified a Numberss of beginnings of waste which he felt should be eliminated:

Overproduction

Time spent waiting

Transportation/movement

Processing clip

Inventory

Defects

“ Just-In-Time ” being ab initio known as the “ Toyota Production System ” . Toyota developed the TPS after World War II at a clip when it faced really hard concern conditions so FORD and GM. While Ford and GM used mass production, economic sciences of graduated table and large equipment to bring forth as many parts as possible, every bit cheaply as possible. The Toyota Production system is a alone and alone. The Toyota Production system is a series of activities that promote cost decrease through the riddance of waste to accomplish enhanced productiveness. ( David J. Lu, 1989, p-31 )

TPS explained to the directors in many environment how to better their concern dramatically by

Extinguishing otiose point and resources

Constructing quality into workplace systems

Finding low cost but dependable options to expensive new engineering

Absolutely concern procedure

Constructing a learning civilization for uninterrupted betterment

Harmonizing to Ohno each determination should be based on these rules “ Can the cost truly be lowered? ” and “ Can this action help the company ‘s overall public presentation ” ( David J. Lu, 1989, p-32 )

The two pillars needed to back up the system are:

Merely In Time

Jidoka/Autonomation, or mechanization with human touch

Merely -in-time means that in a flow procedure the right parts needed in assembly make the assembly line at the clip they are needed and merely the sum needed, and by accomplishing this flow throughout can near zero stock lists.

Jidoka/ autonomation thought was originated with the innovation of an auto- activated weaving machine by Toyoda Sakichi ( 1867-1930 ) , laminitis of the Toyota motor company. At Toyota, a machine automated with human touch is one that is attached to an automatic fillet device. Most machines in Toyota workss are equipped with these devices every bit good as different safety devices, fixed place fillet, the full work system, and Baka-Yoke sap proofing systems to forestall faulty merchandises. In this system no operator is needed while the machine is working unless the machine stops working because of unnatural state of affairs, which needs human attending. This will ensue in cut downing the operators and increase production efficiency. ( Taiichi Ohno, 1988, p-4-5 )

Cars are playing an of import function in the development of today ‘s and future society ; it has besides imposed a certain impact on the environment. Toyota is to the full cognizant that the car is the valuable tool in twenty-first century, that ‘s why more concentration is paying to those countries which affect the environment and those win in this country will be acceptable to society. Toyota is working on precedence footing through environmental direction in all countries and wants to go a leader of planetary regeneration through its attempt in environmental engineerings to guarantee that its merchandises are accepted and good received around the universe. ( Toyota Report: 2004 )

Toyota besides started its ain system of appraisal that it calls Eco-VAS ( Eco- Vehicle Assessment System ) . Under this appraisal the procedure start at the beginning of the planning. The interior decorator of the vehicle should hold to turn out foremost that this undertaking would fall under environmental impact decrease marks. This system see fuel efficiency, emanations, and noise control during usage, the disposal recovery rate, the decreases of substances which are unsafe to environment and C dioxide emanation throughout the full life rhythm of the vehicle from production to disposal, Eco-VAS has been introduced on all new vehicle theoretical accounts and redesign since 2007.Toyota besides applies life rhythm appraisal to its packaging design. In 2007, it co-developed and began utilizing the Environmental Packaging Impact Calculator ( EPIC ) to quantify and measure the environmental impacts and fiscal costs of boxing systems used at logistics sites. ( Brian Black, 2006 p-177 )

Toyota fabrication sites have taken their EMS one measure in front by heightening EMS ( eEMS ) . It is the first planetary enterprise taken by Toyota ( Japan ) .

Toyota ‘s fabrication operations have minimized impact on the environment through action programs, enhanced environmental direction systems and eco-plant programs. This theoretical account works in North America will get down operating in 2010. This cutting border works will run an advanced assembly line. The works ‘s eco-plant program has been completed, and includes step to cut down CO2 and VOC emanations, cut down H2O ingestion, achieve zero waste to landfill, and manage waste by presenting reclaimable merchandises.

5.1.3 Employee Training:

A common look heard around Toyota is “ We do non merely construct autos ; we build people ”

Toyota give preparation to all its employees in EMS consciousness and in some functional subjects like risky waste disposal is critical to the continued success of the EMS, and ability to accomplish prima degrees of environmental public presentation. And this is all because of strong EMS that promotes continual betterment. To understand the preparation and development scheme in the Toyota civilization, we have to separate the functions and maps of each bed of the organisation. There are four degrees: Team member, squad leader/group leader, director, and general manger/vice president. ( Jeffrey/Michael 2008 p-137-138 )

If any fluctuation comes into standardize work, the squad leader come into action and by utilizing their job work outing accomplishment to work out the job and convey the procedure into criterion. For the betterment of this sort of accomplishment for the squad member, squad leader focuses chiefly on work topographic point organisation, standardised work, job resolution and more job resolution. Training at Toyota builds upon itself bed by bed. The squad leader learns the basic organisation foundational tools. Adding the Toyota Job Instruction as a tool by the squad leader, it begins to teach the job work outing procedure. Teamwork accomplishments and communicating are besides added to into acquisition of these tools in order for the values and trust to be reinforced during the betterment procedure. If there is common regard and trust is established the job work outing improved.

Figure 5.3: Toyota Training and Development Strategy: Functions, Focus & A ; Tools beginning: Toyota civilization, the bosom and psyche of Toyota manner

There are some preparation institute which are developed by Toyota in January 2002, at Toyota ‘s central office. It runs two plans – one for developing planetary leaders and other for the developing planetary trainers capable of teaching other associates in Toyota manner footing like job resolution, on the occupation preparation and policy deployment. Other institutes are Global Knowledge Centre, Global production Centre, University of Toyota. These all institutes provide preparation and instruction both at managerial every bit good as lower degrees. Emi O. , Norihiko S. , Hirotaka T. 2008, p 35-37

5.1.4 Action guidelines

Toyota has a strong action program sing the environment. It is the basic demand for Toyota workss that they must follow to acquire the expected corporate image. Toyota identified four chief issues which are expected in 2020-2030. The subjects are: Global/Energy warming, Recycling of resources, substances of concern, Atmospheric quality. Solutions have been adopted and implemented for each subject in its all countries of activities. Key points can be identified for those solutions: CO2 emanations direction, riddance of substances of concern, support of environmental direction by concern spouse, and to develop a recycling based civilization. ( De Craecker F. De Wulf L. , 2009 )

Toyota besides made amendments in the “ Toyota Green Purchasing Guidelines ” . This is a item papers which remarks on green values, regulations, outlooks sing to its supply concatenation. This papers is circulated to all providers who must follow with what is written.

Toyota ever concerned about the environment Challenge accomplishing zero emanation at all phases i.e. production, use and disposal. Implement exhaustively preventative steps i.e. Prior-assessment systems.

Toyota give preparation to all its employees about environmental consciousness and other environmental related subjects like, waste disposal, risky stuffs managing, exigency response. Toyota besides installed within company an Eco-point system. This is a system in which employees make suggestions about how the company could cut down the energy needed, conserve the environment and the company reward good ideas/suggestions with points

5.1.5 Steering Principles and 2010 Global Vision

Toyota Motor Corporation ‘s Guiding Principles and the 2010 Global Vision supply a model for puting long-run concern ends and policy. The Steering Principles include supplying clean and safe merchandises and developing advanced engineerings. The Global Vision is a set of long-run policies with the subject of invention into the hereafter, expecting a passage to a recycle-oriented society on a planetary graduated table.

5.1.6 The Earth Charter and Environmental policy

In January 1992, Shoichiro Toyoda presented his basic Toyoda rules, and in 1997 somewhat revised edition published. Toyota for the really first clip clarifies its relationship to clients, employees, concern associates and other stakeholders. These Basic rules formed a long term vision, a medium and long term concern program and long and short term corporate policies. ( Jeffrey K. Liker: p-55 )

In the same month and twelvemonth, January 1992, Toyota besides published Toyota action program for Global Environment, normally known as the Toyota Global Earth Charter. This Earth Charter specifies how environmental policy would be reflected in company activities. ( OECD: 2002, p-207 )

The cardinal policies of the Charter and action Plan are the followerss:

aˆ? To lend to a affluent society in the twenty-first century society

aˆ? To develop environmental engineerings

aˆ? Take action voluntarily

aˆ? Work in co-operation with society

Figure 5.4: Toyota ‘s earth chart ( beginning: book ; How Toyota became # 1 )

After publication of basic rules in 1992, the Toyota ‘s safety and environmental enterprises has been impressive. In December 1997 Toyota unveil Prius, the universe foremost intercrossed rider auto ( combination of gasolene engine and electric motor ) was the consequence of 1992 basic rules, this auto proves Toyota committedness to environment. ( Jeffery K. Liker, p-55 )

5.1.7 Climate alteration

Toyota supports the purposes of the Kyoto Protocol and will back up understanding. Toyota is good cognizant of the Global heating. The company see it as a precedence direction issue and implement this in all phases of vehicle development to cut down the energy ingestion and CO2 emanations. The production line uses batch of energy resources, to cut down the job Toyota build an eco-friendly edifices by utilizing alternate beginnings of energy such as air current, solar panels etc. It is the end of Toyota to acquire sustainable workss in close hereafter. In other words workss will be to the full equipped with natural resources. ( De Craecker F. De Wulf L. , 2009 )

Writers further stated that Toyota improves the resource productiveness by recycling and reuse of waste. To accomplish nothing landfill waste in its production workss, Toyota recycles the full volume of fly ashes generated by its incineration furnace into natural stuff for cement fabrication. Toyota besides expanded the usage of returnable containers. It helped the company to cut down the entire usage volume of packaging by over 90 per centum. Toyota besides reduces substance of concern like lead. Mercury, Cadmium. Different steps have been taken to extinguish these substances from the vehicles.

The transit system of goods and merchandises was besides the enterprise of Toyota toward become environmental friendly. Toyota switched most of its transit to inveigh, and uses high efficiency ships of bigger size to cut down their sum.

.

5.1.13 Supplier environmental direction policy

Toyota works closely with concern spouses like providers and traders. Toyota ‘s Green Supplier Guidelines were originally formed in 2000, and updated in January 2007.The guidelines set are fundamentally emphasis on applicable Torahs, ordinances and societal norms from the providers. Toyota advice their provider even goes beyond societal and legal demands and to set about activities that support Toyota ‘s environmental ends.

Toyota is working closely with its providers to better environmental public presentation. For illustration, Toyota late began easing hoarded wealth Hunt with its providers to promote energy preservation consciousness throughout its supply concatenation. Treasure Hunts are energy salvaging or decrease events that Toyota is carry oning in its fabrication workss for old ages. A sum of $ 1.3 of economy has been identified during 12 provider Hunts conducted in financial twelvemonth 2008 by utilizing Toyota ‘s salvaging computation tool. One provider in California replaced their bulbs with high bay fluorescent lightening and decreased electricity demands by 126 Kilowatts with an one-year nest eggs of about $ 115,000.

Toyota divided providers into three classs, harmonizing to their graduated table of environmental impact – low, medium or high – and specifies the timeframe for making each of the five degrees of the policy ( figure 3 ) .

Figure 5.5 Toyota clip frame-five degrees of policy ( Sourcebook: How Toyota became # 1 )

Toyota has over 1800 Toyota, Lexus and scion franchise in U.S. , Canada and Mexico. As a cardinal concern spouses, Toyota provide them with resources to assist pull off service-related waste watercourses and comply with environmental and safety regulative demands. Toyota provides them with figure of tools, including web based Environmental aid Network ( EAN ) and an on-line HazMat conformity preparation class, HazMat U.

5.1.14 Recycling

Toyota has installation of recycling of bit metal, it scrap 99 per centum what it generate. In add-on to this Toyota recycle waste stuffs like pigment dissolvers, plastics wraps, packaging and used oil as good. By presenting new procedures Toyota has the ability to recycle Cu glass, urethane froth and plastic made bumpers.

While on the other manus Toyota find alternate ways to bring forth less waste, for illustration, roller being used for anti bit pigment alternatively of sprayer. By using this application Toyota save pigment, fewer emanations, halt using the plastic cover and lower the cleansing costs. This procedure reduces wastes by 40 %

Environmental Problems in Australia: An Introduction

A few major salient Environmental facts of Australia are as follows:

·         With 0.3% of the world’s people Australia produces 1.6% of the world’s CO2 emissions (a greenhouse gas)

·         There have been high rates of species loss in the last 200 years–five times the global average for mammals, with one-half of Australian mammal species risk to extinction in Australia:  this is the worst record of mammal extinctions in the world

·         There is extensive land degradation, more than 60% of crop lands and 55% of arid grazing lands being affected.

·         Soil erosion rates often exceed rates of soil formation by 500 times.

·         There are common water management problems affecting both surface and ground water resources.

·         There are extensive losses of forests and woodlands, with over 75% of Australian rainforests already being lost.

·         There is insufficient national park coverage of Australian diverse ecosystems.

·         There are problems of toxic wastes and contaminated sites.

·         Urban air quality continues to decline as a result of population growth and increased motor vehicle traffic.

·         Land clearing continued at record high levels, particularly in Queensland, in spite of overwhelming evidence that this is a main cause of both land and water degradation, not to mention habitat loss and species extinction.

Australian Environment: Primary Causes

The huge land clearing that has occurred in the last 200 years, and the intrinsic weakness of the Australian environment and its native species to disturbance, and the result is one of the most terrible environmental records in the world today.   When one considers that scarcely 200 years ago the whole of the Australian continent was in an in effect flawless environmental condition, the magnitude of change since then possibly has no equivalence in Earth history.   Even the Americans took some 400 years to do the damage they have done, however perhaps 20 million Australians have done even more damage to Australia’s natural environments in just 200 years than 275 million Americans have done in twice that period.

Australian Environment: An International Comparison

The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) published some data that allows comparing Australian environmental performance with that of some similar nations.  Table 2-1 below highlights some key indicators.

Table 2-1:  Some International Comparisons

Indicator
Australia
Canada
USA
UK

CO2 emissions per capita (T)

4.3
4.8
5.8
2.9
Greenhouse gas emissions per capita (T)
11.0
9.2
10.0
5.4

Protected areas as % of land area (1989)

4.8
7.8
8.6
10.6
Threatened mammal species (%)
13.4
7.3
10.5
31.2

Threatened vascular plant species (%)

12.3
0.8
0.5
9.6
Municipal waste per capita (kg)
681
632
864
353

Energy use per capita (T of oil equivalent)

5.0
9.6
7.8
3.7
ABS, 1992, Australia’s Environment:  Issues and Facts

Australia is paired with the US as a laggard, since both want developing countries to be subject to constraints on their emissions (see Paterson, 1996: 69).

Between 1990 and 2020 Australia is likely to face more rapid population growth than OECD countries: though differences between Australia and Canada and the US are modest, they are huge compared to the EU (29.6 per cent and 1.7 per cent, respectively).  Australia also relies greatly on major industries (agriculture, forestry, fisheries, mining and quarrying), accounting for 8 per cent of GDP compared to 3 per cent across the OECD (OECD 1998: 39).  Agriculture represents a long-term challenge since farming accounts for 17 per cent of CO2 emissions, particularly as a result of land clearing.  The economy, especially energy supply industries, has long relied on fossil fuels, more so than other OECD countries.  Australia exports more coal than any other country, and large amounts of natural gas and oil.  Lastly, Australia’s pattern of trade, excluding depending heavily on exporting ‘resource-based’ goods produced by large volumes of energy, is shaped by exports to the Asia-Pacific region, which has undergone high rates of economic growth.

The answer to these economic arguments is they overstate the costs of abatement measures to Australia.  For example, the balance of trade shows Australia also imports many energy-intensive products.  Therefore it is perhaps only a little bit a net exporter of energy-intensive products (Hamilton, 2001: 25).  Moreover, there is poor application on energy efficiency measures like the introduction of mandatory standards for fuel efficiency of vehicles, reforming the taxation system (Hamilton, Hundloe and Quiggin, 1997) and  reducing land clearing (Hamilton, 1994).

An elementary point of difference between Australia and the European countries appears to relate to the general approach to tackling global warming, principally the use of emissions trading and the Clean Development Mechanism.

Australia has always argued against efforts by the European and some G77 countries to limit the use of these mechanisms (Hillman, 2000b; 2000c).  In commenting on COP6 in The Hague, the Australian government drew attention to divisions in the European countries on whether or not to take a ‘hard-line on capping the use of market-based mechanisms, limitations on the use of sinks and a punitive compliance system’ (Hillman, 2001a).

There is certainly a strong public relations dimension to these comments and the European Commission is clearly responsive to how its challengers might look for to exploit these highly publicized divisions and ‘a lack of cohesion and coordination’ at the COP6 talks in The Hague (European Commission 2001: 28).

The Australian government has also emphasized that on issues like sinks and market mechanisms the European countries are fundamentally concerned about questions of competitive advantage: ‘These countries have argued that the US would avoid large emissions reductions at home by purchasing Russian emission credits arising from the slump of the Russian economy.  The European countries i.e. EU is also worried that this could considerably reduce the cost to the US of meeting its Kyoto target compared to those costs in the EU.  In this respect, an important element of the EU’s position is to enhance its own competitiveness by limiting access by the US to low-cost options’ (Hillman, 2001b).  Despite the fact that there are important differences in the positions of the EU and Australia (allied to the US), mainly over issues like the use of sinks, the arguments over global warming between nations that otherwise agree strongly on many issues could well be viewed as ‘preliminary sparring’ (Hillman, 2000b).

In fact, positions that sometimes appear to reflect basic differences – e.g. on emissions trading are modified eventually. For example, the first disinclination by the EU even to consider this option has given way to much more careful consideration than previously of this option for limiting greenhouse gas emissions.  This reluctance by the EU has been in sharp disparity to the strong support of ‘unrestricted use of market-based mechanisms’ by Australia along with the rest of the Umbrella Group (Hillman, 2001b). The most important ally for Australia in promoting market mechanisms is the United States. This alliance with the United States also extends to the question of creating a broader framework that includes developing countries: ‘We will also continue to work with other countries, including the United States, to develop a truly global and effective framework to deal with climate change’ (Hillman, 2001b).

Australian Engagement with Sustainable Development

The significance of studying diverse institutional and historical traditions either of a nation state or such a transnational organization cannot be overstated when it comes to moving away from binary codes and conflicts evoked by many commentators.  Remarkably, issues of legitimacy are integral to the evolution of environmental policy in Australia.   Rather than happening in a vacuum, the changes summarized below reflected the importance of environmental policy to a significant number of voters.

Especially, there was an important shift in opinion between February and June 1989 – caused mainly by increasing concern about climate change and by the unexpected success of the Green Independents in Tasmania, where they attracted nearly 20 per cent of the vote (see Papadakis, 1996: 172-3).   This signaled clear warning Australian political parties to take the environment earnestly or risk losing office.  Moreover, ever since 1983, when the environment was first exploited as a major election concern at the Federal level, the preferences of green parties and recommendations by green political organizations became important to Labor’s success. Labor was therefore particularly keen to adopt such notions as sustainable development as a way of resolving environmental and economic objectives.

In pursuing the evolution of policy in Australia, one is also able to use the kind of criteria applied to EU Member States, including the pioneering ones.  These criteria have been developed by such writers as Jänicke (1997) and Jänicke and Weidner (1997: 147), who assume strategies for environmental capacity building modify in relation to different types of regime and their stage of development. New strategies are adopted as environmental advocates expand. The first set of responses is immediate and usually involves regulation or technical approaches to environmental problems.  The final stage, ‘ecological modernization’, involves a deep-seated response.  In this stage technical innovation makes it economically efficient and competitive for industry to adopt environmentally friendly practices, green enterprises play an increasingly prominent role in the economy, and there are significant changes in patterns of production and consumption.

Application of this framework to Australia is inherent in accounts that draw on neo-corporatist theory.  It is explicit in analyses of institutional change by Papadakis (1996; 2000) and Papadakis and Young (2000).  For example, in assessing environmental capacity in the 1950s one finds a lack of Commonwealth government responsibility for the environment.   This reflects its omission in the Constitution, making it a residual power and therefore placing it within the sphere of influence of state governments. This corresponded to an absence of institutional means to protect and manage the environment, and the prevalence of economic development in addition to low priority to environmental issues.

To prevail over this inattention, by the mid-1960s, state governments accepted some responsibility for regulations like air pollution laws.  Catalysts for change from other countries included the 1952 killer fog in London, nuclear weapons testing (by the United States, Soviet Union and Britain), the 1967 Torrey Canyon oil spill, and publication of Silent Spring, The Population Bomb and The Limits to Growth.  Among intellectual elites and commentators in addition to social movements there were strong supporters in Australia for an reformation of prevailing economic, political and social structures that generated abusive and flawed attitudes to the environment.  The response by governments in developed industrial nations, including Australia, was wary rather than accepting of radical prescriptions. They recognized some problems and the need for regulation. Nevertheless, the approach was to use well-established techniques of ‘administrative rationalism’, which requires using existing bureaucratic expertise and mechanisms (see Dryzek 1997) and viewing environmental issues as ‘minor, technical, soluble and politically uncontentious’ (Jacobs, 1997: 3).  There were official inquiries into air and water pollution, the Office of the Environment was created in 1971 and the Australia Environment Council in 1972 and from 1972 Environmental Impact Statements became mandatory in assessing Cabinet decisions of environmental importance.  State governments established their own laws and agencies.

Conclusions

The Australian environment has a range of serious problems resulting from growth, lifestyle, technologies and demands on natural resources. There is increasing recognition that many of her practices are not sustainable and she needs urgently to satisfy her requirements with less impact on the natural systems of the Earth.   Australian government is also developing a broader understanding of the impact of her actions globally, such as with acid rain, climate change and ozone reduction and these problems can only be resolved through international cooperation of an exceptional kind.  The understanding of the Australian environment is limited by the lack of data which has either been not collected or is not in the public domain.  Research must address these absences to clarify whether the management of the environment is satisfactory.  Australia needs to improve her understanding of the complex biological systems and the impacts of human activities on them.  A major obstacle to achieving these is the regular erosion of her basic science capacity.  Several changes need to be made in her approach to these issues.

References

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Jacobs, M. (1997), ‘Introduction: the New Politics of the Environment’ in M. Jacobs (ed.) Greening the Millennium? The New Politics of the Environment, Oxford: Blackwell.

Jänicke, M. (1997), ‘The Political System’s Capacity for Environmental Policy’ in M. Jänicke and H. Weidner (eds). National Environmental Policies. A Comparative Study of Capacity-Building, Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

Jänicke, M. and H. Weidner. (1997), “Germany” in M. Jänicke and H. Weidner, National Environmental Policies, Springer Verlag.

Hamilton, C. (1994), “A Comparison of Emission Sources and Emission Trends Among OECD Countries”, Background Paper No. 1, The Australia, Institute.

Hamilton, C. (2001), Running from the Storm. The Development of Climate Change Policy in Australia, Sydney: University of New South Wales Press.

Hamilton, C., T. Hundloe and J. Quiggin. (1997), Ecological Tax Reform in Australia: Using taxes, charges and public spending to protect the environment without hurting the economy, Discussion Paper No.10, The Australia, Institute.

Hillman, R. (2000b), Statement by Mr. Ralph Hillman, Australian Ambassador for the Environment, to the Senate Environment, Communications, Information Technology and the Arts Reference Committee: Climate Change.

Hillman, R. (2000c), Address by Mr. Ralph Hillman, Australian Ambassador for the Environment, to The Australian Greenhouse Conference, ENVIRO 2000, Sydney.

Hillman, R. (2001a), Address by Mr. Ralph Hillman, Australian Ambassador for the Environment, to the Greenhouse Policy Workshop, 16 May, Sydney.

Hillman, R. (2001b), Address on climate change by Mr. Ralph Hillman, Australian Ambassador for the Environment, to the Institute of International Affairs, 9 May, Canberra.

OECD (1998), Environmental Performance Reviews. Australia, Paris: OECD.

Papadakis, E. (1996), Environmental Politics and Institutional Change, Cambridge: Cambridge University, Press.

Papadakis, E. (2000), ‘Australia: Ecological Sustainable Development in the National Interest’ in W. Lafferty and J. Meadowcroft (eds), Implementing Sustainable Development. Strategies and Initiatives in High Consumption Societies, Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 23-52.

Papadakis, E. and Young, L. (2000), ‘Environmental Policy’ in M. Keating and P. Weller (eds.) The Future of Governance in Australia, Sydney: Allen and Unwin, pp.153-76.

Agribusiness is the pre-dominant economic line of work of the rural communities in India, and plays a critical function in the socio-economic development of these communities. India acquires its major portion of production grosss from the rural / agricultural sector of the economic system. The agribusiness sector in India is tremendously important in malice of its worsening portion in GDP. Sectoral displacements occurred as a consequence of the industrialisation which had raised the Services sector portions in GDP during the 1990 ‘s, where as Agriculture, which had a major portion in GDP in the 1950 ‘s, contributed merely 22.5 % by the terminal of March 2004 ( Economic Survey, GOl, 2003-04 ) . Therefore came up a pressing demand for a paradigm displacement in the authorities ‘s agricultural policy to turn to the jobs faced in the agricultural sector in the new domestic and planetary economic environment and avenues to heighten the income of the husbandmans. The possible solution for bettering the agro sector is Diversification. This survey traces the definition of variegation, country enlargement jobs, immediate demands, and its future chances.

Diversification can besides affect “ a displacement of resources from one harvest ( or farm animal ) to a larger mix of harvests and farm animal, maintaining in position the varying nature of hazards and expected returns from each crop/livestock activity, and seting in such a manner that it leads to optimum portfolio of income ” ( Joshi, et Al, 2003 ) . It is a manner of a gradual motion from subsistence basic nutrient harvests towards diversified market-oriented harvests which have a larger potency for land returns. DOA being a scheme would open up chances, to a big extent, for value add-on in agribusiness and will besides take to better harvest planning and better the earning chances in the farm community. In India, Andhra Pradesh has been proactive in taking up agricultural variegation as a scheme to speed up the growing of agribusiness.

Crop Diversification

Crop variegation takes into history the economic returns from different value-added harvests. It besides implies the effectual usage of environmental every bit good as human resources to turn a mix of harvests with complementary selling chances, and it entails switching of resources from low value harvests to high value harvests. Due to globalisation, harvest variegation in agribusiness is besides a agency to increase the entire harvest productiveness in footings of quality, pecuniary and quantity value under specific, diverse agro-climatic state of affairss all over the universe.

There are two attacks to harvest variegation in agribusiness.

Horizontal variegation – the primary attack to harvest variegation used in production agribusiness. In this attack, variegation usually takes topographic point through harvest intensification which means adding new high-value harvests to bing cropping systems as a manner of bettering the overall productiveness of a peculiar farm or a part ‘s farming economic system as a whole.

Vertical variegation attack in which value is added to the merchandises by husbandmans through assorted methods such as processing, regional stigmatization, packaging, selling, or other attempts to heighten the merchandise.

Opportunities for harvest variegation usually vary depending upon the hazard, chance and the feasibleness of proposed alterations within a socio-economic and agro-economic context. Crop variegation may happen as a consequence of authorities policies. The “ Technology Mission on Oilseeds ” , “ Spices Development Board ” , “ and Coconut Development Board ” etc is some illustrations where the Indian authorities created policies to thrust alterations upon husbandmans and the nutrient supply concatenation at big as a manner of advancing harvest diverseness.

Crop variegation is the result of several synergistic effects of many factors:

Environmental factors which includes irrigation, rainfall, and temperature and dirt birthrate.

Price-related factors which includes end product and input monetary values with regard to national and international trade policies and other economic policies that affect the monetary values either straight or indirectly.

Technology-related factors which includes seeds, fertilisers and H2O engineerings, but besides those related to selling, crop, storage, agro-processing, distribution, logistics, etc.

Household-related factors which includes regional nutrient traditions, fresh fish and fuel every bit good as the labour and investing capacity of farm people and their communities.

Institutional and Infrastructure-related factors which includes farm size, location and occupancy agreements, research, in-field proficient support, selling systems and authorities modulating policies, etc.

All these five factors are interrelated.

Area enlargement jobs under rice and wheat harvests

Scaling up production country poses several new jobs of significance such as:

1. Excessive usage of groundwater taking to hapless H2O usage efficiency and depletion of groundwater.

2. Deterioration of dirt wellness or dirt birthrate.

3. Multiple infestations of weed vegetations, insect plagues and diseases.

4. Indiscriminate usage of energy such as chemical, electricity or disease, etc.

5. Decrease in the handiness of other protective nutrient and high value harvests.

6. Pollution of agro-ecosystems.

Despite the enlargement jobs, harvest variegation has the possible to be an economic driver in agricultural parts. It may turn out to go the paramount importance in meeting challenges that arise from a post-green revolution scenario. In position of shrinking of agricultural land and operational retentions due to enlargement of urban centres, alterations in consumer nutrient wonts, exponential population growing rate, husbandmans are pressured to include or replace extra harvests in to the cropping system.

Key Drivers Of Diversification

The cardinal drivers of variegation that are identified are: ( 1 ) Food Security ; ( 2 ) Employment coevals through creative activity of off-farm and non-farm investing chances within the capablenesss of the resource-poor husbandmans ; ( 3 ) Changes in harvest forms and farming systems ; ( 4 ) More effectual usage of land and H2O resources ; ( 5 ) Market entree enterprises replacing hazard antipathy with hazard credence ; ( 6 ) Changing consumer demands irrespective of the nature of habitation and criterions of life due to spread-effect of wellness consciousness caused by the ocular media and non-discriminatory demand for choice goods, and ( 7 ) The function of urbanisation in fast developing states like India.

Crop variegation can break digest the ups and downs in the market value of farm merchandises and may guarantee economic stableness for farming households of the state. The inauspicious effects of deviant conditions, such as fickle and bare rainfall and drouth are really common in a huge country in agricultural production of the state. Incidence of inundation in one portion of the state and drouth in the other portion is a really frequent phenomenon in India. Under these deviant conditions state of affairss, dependance on one or two major cereals ( rice, wheat, etc. ) is ever hazardous. Hence, harvest variegation through permutation of one harvest or assorted cropping/inter-cropping may be a utile tool to extenuate jobs associated with deviant conditions to some extent, particularly in the waterless and semi-arid drought-prone/dry land countries.

Immediate Need

In India, harvest variegation in agribusiness takes topographic point vertically or horizontally, depending upon the market forces and besides on occasion due to the domestic demands. With respects to utilize of land and H2O usage and quality, there is an immediate demand to see the undermentioned factors ( Aradhana, 2009 ) :

Farm green goods treating into value added merchandises will offer employment range in non-farm plants as in distillment of active ingredients from medicative and aromatic workss ( herbal merchandises ) , range of industrialisation in agribusiness for sugar, paper board fabrication, etc.

There is a demand to happen place-based attacks for diversifying the agriculture state of affairss under assorted socio-economic conditions, substructure of market, domestic demands, supply of inputs, etc.

The research and development on harvest variegation is best done in a farmer-participatory manner where a multi-disciplinary squad consisting of scientists will affect husbandmans from the undertaking be aftering stage boulder clay geting at decisions and solutions.

The construct of sustainable productiveness for each land and H2O units through harvest variegation needs to be fostered.

There is critical demand for advancing co-operatives in rural countries to work out micro-level and demographic jobs.

Strengthening nutrient processing and other value-added industries in rural countries is a agency to supply employment to rural young person.

Alternate cropping systems and farm endeavor variegation are most of import for environment protection.

There are abundant chances in following the subordinate businesss to the rice-wheat cropping systems present in India. They are vegetable agriculture, fruit cultivation, flower gardening, medicative and aromatic workss cultivation, mushroom agriculture, dairying, pig farm, goatery, domestic fowl and duckery, piscary or aquaculture, bee-keeping, to supply ample range for variegation of rice-wheat cropping system in north-western and south India and north-eastern provinces.

Farm endeavor variegation will bring forth more income chances and rural employment unit of ammunition the twelvemonth.

Decision

Diversification in agribusiness will hold a enormous impact on the agro-socio-economic countries and besides in the uplifting of resource-inadequate agriculture communities. It will be able to bring forth income and employment chances for rural young person around the twelvemonth for the extreme benefits of the Indian husbandmans. It shows the usage of local resources in a bigger mix of diversified cropping systems and farm animal, aquaculture and other non-farm sectors in the rural countries. As in the WTO epoch along with the globalisation of markets, variegation in agribusiness is an one means to step up the entire production and productiveness with regard to quality, measure and pecuniary benefits under diverse agro-climatic province of personal businesss in the state. There are still legion chances for harvest variegation nowadays in both- irrigated and non-irrigated huge countries in the rural India.